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Florida Statute 806 | Lawyer Caselaw & Research
F.S. 806 Case Law from Google Scholar
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The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XLVI
CRIMES
Chapter 806
ARSON AND CRIMINAL MISCHIEF
View Entire Chapter
CHAPTER 806
CHAPTER 806
ARSON AND CRIMINAL MISCHIEF
806.01 Arson.
806.031 Arson resulting in injury to another; penalty.
806.10 Preventing or obstructing extinguishment of fire.
806.101 False alarms of fires.
806.111 Fire bombs.
806.13 Criminal mischief; penalties; penalty for minor.
806.135 Destroying or demolishing a memorial or historic property.
806.14 Art works in public buildings; willful damage; unauthorized removal; penalties.
806.01 Arson.
(1) Any person who willfully and unlawfully, or while in the commission of any felony, by fire or explosion, damages or causes to be damaged:
(a) Any dwelling, whether occupied or not, or its contents;
(b) Any structure, or contents thereof, where persons are normally present, such as: jails, prisons, or detention centers; hospitals, nursing homes, or other health care facilities; department stores, office buildings, business establishments, churches, or educational institutions during normal hours of occupancy; or other similar structures; or
(c) Any other structure that he or she knew or had reasonable grounds to believe was occupied by a human being,

is guilty of arson in the first degree, which constitutes a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

(2) Any person who willfully and unlawfully, or while in the commission of any felony, by fire or explosion, damages or causes to be damaged any structure, whether the property of himself or herself or another, under any circumstances not referred to in subsection (1), is guilty of arson in the second degree, which constitutes a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(3) As used in this chapter, “structure” means any building of any kind, any enclosed area with a roof over it, any real property and appurtenances thereto, any tent or other portable building, and any vehicle, vessel, watercraft, or aircraft.
History.ss. 1, 2, ch. 15603, 1931; CGL 1936 Supp. 7208(8), (9); ss. 786, 787, ch. 71-136; s. 26, ch. 74-383; s. 18, ch. 75-298; s. 1, ch. 79-108; s. 1, ch. 90-225; s. 1228, ch. 97-102.
806.031 Arson resulting in injury to another; penalty.
(1) A person who perpetrates any arson that results in any bodily harm to a firefighter or any other person, regardless of intent or lack of intent to cause such harm, is guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(2) A person who perpetrates any arson that results in great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement to a firefighter or any other person, regardless of intent or lack of intent to cause such harm, is guilty of a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(3) Upon conviction and adjudication of guilt, a person may be sentenced separately, pursuant to s. 775.021(4), for any violation of this section and for any arson committed during the same criminal episode. A conviction for any arson, however, is not necessary for a conviction under this section.
History.s. 1, ch. 84-23; s. 182, ch. 91-224.
806.10 Preventing or obstructing extinguishment of fire.
(1) Any person who willfully and maliciously injures, destroys, removes, or in any manner interferes with the use of, any vehicles, tools, equipment, water supplies, hydrants, towers, buildings, communication facilities, or other instruments or facilities used in the detection, reporting, suppression, or extinguishment of fire shall be guilty of a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(2) Any person who willfully or unreasonably interferes with, hinders, or assaults, or attempts to interfere with or hinder, any firefighter in the performance of his or her duty shall be guilty of a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.s. 9, sub-ch. 4, ch. 1637, 1868; RS 2433; GS 3280; RGS 5113; CGL 7214; s. 1, ch. 69-232; s. 795, ch. 71-136; s. 28, ch. 74-383; s. 19, ch. 75-298; s. 1229, ch. 97-102.
806.101 False alarms of fires.Whoever, without reasonable cause, by outcry or the ringing of bells, or otherwise, makes or circulates, or causes to be made or circulated, a false alarm of fire, shall for the first conviction be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. A second or subsequent conviction under this section shall constitute a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.s. 13, ch. 1637, 1868; RS 2706; GS 3682; RGS 5626; CGL 7819; s. 934, ch. 71-136; s. 1A, ch. 71-306; s. 65, ch. 74-383.
Note.Former s. 823.03.
806.111 Fire bombs.
(1) Any person who possesses, manufactures, transports, or disposes of a fire bomb with intent that such fire bomb be willfully and unlawfully used to damage by fire or explosion any structure or property is guilty of a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(2) For the purposes of this section:
(a) “Disposes of” means to give, give away, loan, offer, offer for sale, sell, or transfer.
(b) “Fire bomb” means a container containing flammable or combustible liquid, or any incendiary chemical mixture or compound having a wick or similar device capable of being ignited or other means capable of causing ignition; but no device commercially manufactured primarily for the purpose of illumination, heating, or cooking shall be deemed to be such a fire bomb.
(3) Subsection (1) shall not prohibit the authorized use or possession of any material, substance, or device described therein by a member of the Armed Forces of the United States or by firefighters, police officers, peace officers, or law enforcement officers so authorized by duly constituted authorities.
History.s. 3, ch. 67-211; s. 797, ch. 71-136; s. 29, ch. 74-383; s. 19, ch. 75-298; s. 238, ch. 77-104; s. 2, ch. 79-108; s. 46, ch. 88-381; s. 1230, ch. 97-102.
806.13 Criminal mischief; penalties; penalty for minor.
(1)(a) A person commits the offense of criminal mischief if he or she willfully and maliciously injures or damages by any means any real or personal property belonging to another, including, but not limited to, the placement of graffiti thereon or other acts of vandalism thereto.
(b)1. If the damage to such property is $200 or less, it is a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
2. If the damage to such property is greater than $200 but less than $1,000, it is a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
3. If the damage is $1,000 or greater, or if there is interruption or impairment of a business operation or public communication, transportation, supply of water, gas or power, or other public service which costs $1,000 or more in labor and supplies to restore, it is a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
4. If the person has one or more previous convictions for violating this subsection, the offense under subparagraph 1. or subparagraph 2. for which the person is charged shall be reclassified as a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(2) Any person who willfully and maliciously defaces, injures, or damages by any means any church, synagogue, mosque, or other place of worship, or any religious article contained therein, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084, if the damage to the property is greater than $200.
(3) Any person who, without the consent of the owner thereof, willfully and maliciously defaces, injures, or otherwise damages by any means a memorial or historic property, as defined in s. 806.135(1), and the value of the damage to the memorial or historic property is greater than $200, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. A court shall order any person convicted of violating this subsection to pay restitution, which shall include the full cost of repair or replacement of such memorial or historic property.
(4) Whoever, without the consent of the owner thereof, willfully destroys or substantially damages any public telephone, or telephone cables, wires, fixtures, antennas, amplifiers, or any other apparatus, equipment, or appliances, which destruction or damage renders a public telephone inoperative or which opens the body of a public telephone, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084; provided, however, that a conspicuous notice of the provisions of this subsection and the penalties provided is posted on or near the destroyed or damaged instrument and visible to the public at the time of the commission of the offense.
(5) Any person who willfully and maliciously defaces, injures, or damages by any means a sexually violent predator detention or commitment facility, as defined in part V of chapter 394, or any property contained therein, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084, if the damage to property is greater than $200.
(6) A person may not knowingly and intentionally display or project, using any medium, an image onto a building, structure, or other property without the written consent of the owner of the building, structure, or property. For purposes of this subsection, the term “image” means a visual representation or likeness of a person or object, including text, graphics, logos, other artwork, or any combination thereof.
(a) A person who violates this subsection commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(b) A person who violates this subsection by displaying or projecting an image that contains a credible threat, as that term is defined in s. 784.048(1), commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(c) If the penalty for a violation of this subsection is reclassified under s. 775.085, such a violation is considered a hate crime for purposes of the reporting requirements of s. 877.19.
(7)(a) The amounts of value of damage to property owned by separate persons, if the property was damaged during one scheme or course of conduct, may be aggregated in determining the grade of the offense under this section.
(b) Any person who violates this section may, in addition to any other criminal penalty, be required to pay for the damages caused by such offense.
(8)(a) Any person who violates this section when the violation is related to the placement of graffiti shall, in addition to any other criminal penalty, be required to pay a fine of:
1. Not less than $250 for a first conviction.
2. Not less than $500 for a second conviction.
3. Not less than $1,000 for a third or subsequent conviction.
(b) Any person convicted under this section when the offense is related to the placement of graffiti shall, in addition to any other criminal penalty, be required to perform at least 40 hours of community service and, if possible, perform at least 100 hours of community service that involves the removal of graffiti.
(c) If a minor commits a delinquent act prohibited under paragraph (a), the parent or legal guardian of the minor is liable along with the minor for payment of the fine. The court may decline to order a person to pay a fine under paragraph (a) if the court finds that the person is indigent and does not have the ability to pay the fine or if the court finds that the person does not have the ability to pay the fine whether or not the person is indigent.
(9) In addition to any other penalty provided by law, if a minor is found to have committed a delinquent act under this section for placing graffiti on any public property or private property, and:
(a) The minor is eligible by reason of age for a driver license or driving privilege, the court may direct the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles to revoke or withhold issuance of the minor’s driver license or driving privilege for not more than 1 year.
(b) The minor’s driver license or driving privilege is under suspension or revocation for any reason, the court may direct the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles to extend the period of suspension or revocation by an additional period of not more than 1 year.
(c) The minor is ineligible by reason of age for a driver license or driving privilege, the court may direct the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles to withhold issuance of the minor’s driver license or driving privilege for not more than 1 year after the date on which he or she would otherwise have become eligible.
(10) A minor whose driver license or driving privilege is revoked, suspended, or withheld under subsection (9) may elect to reduce the period of revocation, suspension, or withholding by performing community service at the rate of 1 day for each hour of community service performed. In addition, if the court determines that due to a family hardship, the minor’s driver license or driving privilege is necessary for employment or medical purposes of the minor or a member of the minor’s family, the court shall order the minor to perform community service and reduce the period of revocation, suspension, or withholding at the rate of 1 day for each hour of community service performed. As used in this subsection, the term “community service” means cleaning graffiti from public property.
(11) Because of the difficulty of confronting the blight of graffiti, it is the intent of the Legislature that municipalities and counties not be preempted by state law from establishing ordinances that prohibit the marking of graffiti or other graffiti-related offenses. Furthermore, as related to graffiti, such municipalities and counties are not preempted by state law from establishing higher penalties than those provided by state law and mandatory penalties when state law provides discretionary penalties. Such higher and mandatory penalties include fines that do not exceed the amount specified in ss. 125.69 and 162.21, community service, restitution, and forfeiture. Upon a finding that a juvenile has violated a graffiti-related ordinance, a court acting under chapter 985 may not provide a disposition of the case which is less severe than any mandatory penalty prescribed by municipal or county ordinance for such violation.
History.s. 27, ch. 74-383; s. 20, ch. 75-298; s. 1, ch. 82-21; s. 1, ch. 86-281; s. 1, ch. 88-273; s. 183, ch. 91-224; s. 1, ch. 95-164; s. 1231, ch. 97-102; s. 1, ch. 98-93; s. 1, ch. 98-415; s. 5, ch. 2001-244; s. 117, ch. 2002-1; s. 1, ch. 2002-163; s. 35, ch. 2019-167; s. 10, ch. 2021-6; s. 3, ch. 2023-24.
806.135 Destroying or demolishing a memorial or historic property.
(1) As used in this section, the term:
(a) “Historic property” means any building, structure, site, or object that has been officially designated as a historic building, historic structure, historic site, or historic object through a federal, state, or local designation program.
(b) “Memorial” means a plaque, statue, marker, flag, banner, cenotaph, religious symbol, painting, seal, tombstone, structure name, or display that is constructed and located with the intent of being permanently displayed or perpetually maintained; is dedicated to a historical person, an entity, an event, or a series of events; and honors or recounts the military service of any past or present United States Armed Forces military personnel, or the past or present public service of a resident of the geographical area comprising the state or the United States. The term includes, but is not limited to, the following memorials established under chapter 265:
1. Florida Women’s Hall of Fame.
2. Florida Medal of Honor Wall.
3. Florida Veterans’ Hall of Fame.
4. POW-MIA Chair of Honor Memorial.
5. Florida Veterans’ Walk of Honor and Florida Veterans’ Memorial Garden.
6. Florida Law Enforcement Officers’ Hall of Fame.
7. Florida Holocaust Memorial.
8. Florida Slavery Memorial.
9. Any other memorial located within the Capitol Complex, including, but not limited to, Waller Park.
(2) It is unlawful for any person to willfully and maliciously destroy or demolish any memorial or historic property, or willfully and maliciously pull down a memorial or historic property, unless authorized by the owner of the memorial or historic property. A person who violates this section commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(3) A court shall order any person convicted of violating this section to pay restitution, which shall include the full cost of repair or replacement of such memorial or historic property.
History.s. 11, ch. 2021-6.
806.14 Art works in public buildings; willful damage; unauthorized removal; penalties.
(1) Whoever willfully destroys, mutilates, defaces, injures, or, without authority, removes any work of art displayed in a public building is guilty of a criminal offense.
(2)(a) If the damage to the work of art is such that the cost of restoration, in labor and supplies, or if the replacement value, is $200 or less, the offense is a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(b) If the damage to the work of art is such that the cost of restoration, in labor and supplies, or if the replacement value, is greater than $200 but less than $1,000, the offense is a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(c) If the damage to the work of art is such that the cost of restoration, in labor and supplies, or if the replacement value, is $1,000 or more, the offense is a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.s. 2, ch. 80-55; s. 485, ch. 81-259; s. 184, ch. 91-224.

F.S. 806 on Google Scholar

F.S. 806 on Casetext

Amendments to 806


Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 806
Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S806.01 1 - ARSON - 1ST DEGREE - F: F
S806.01 2 - ARSON - 2ND DEGREE - F: S
S806.031 1 - ARSON - CAUSE BODILY HARM - M: F
S806.031 2 - ARSON - CAUSE GREAT BODILY HARM PERMANENT DISABILITY - F: S
S806.10 - HEALTH-SAFETY - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8388 - F: T
S806.10 1 - DAMAGE PROP - INJUR DEST REMOVE INTERFER W FIREFIGHTER EQUIP - F: T
S806.10 2 - HEALTH-SAFETY - HINDER ASSAULT INTERFERE FIREFIGHTER DUTY - F: T
S806.101 - FALSE FIRE ALARM - FALSE FIRE ALARM 2ND OR SUBSQ OFF - F: T
S806.101 - FALSE FIRE ALARM - FALSE FIRE ALARM 1ST OFF - M: F
S806.111 - INCENDIARY DEVICE-USING - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8713 - F: T
S806.111 1 - INCENDIARY DEVICE-USING - POSSESS MFG FIREBOMB WIT EXPLODE OR DAMAGE - F: T
S806.13 1a - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - REMOVED - F: T
S806.13 1b1 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - 200 DOLS AND UNDER - M: S
S806.13 1b1 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - 200 DOLS OR LESS PREVIOUS CONVICTION - F: T
S806.13 1b2 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - OVER 200 DOLS UNDER 1000 DOLS - M: F
S806.13 1b2 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - OVER 200 UNDER 1000 DOLS PREVIOUS CONVICTION - F: T
S806.13 1b3 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - 1000 DOLS OR MORE - F: T
S806.13 2 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - CHURCH SYNAGOGUE MOSQUE OR RELIGIOUS ARTICLE - F: T
S806.13 3 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 9426 - F: T
S806.13 3 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - DAMAGE MEMORIAL HISTORICAL PROPERTY > 200 DOLS - F: T
S806.13 4 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 9427 - F: T
S806.13 4 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - DAMAGE PUBLIC PHONE/EQUIP OR MAKE INOPERATIVE - F: T
S806.13 5 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - DAMAGE SEX VIOL PRED DETENTION/COMMITMENT FAC - F: T
S806.135 2 - DAMAGE PROP-PUBLIC - DESTROY DEMOLSH PULL DOWN MEMORIAL HIST PROP - F: S
S806.14 2a - DAMAGE PROP-PUBLIC - ART WORKS IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS 200 DOLS OR LESS - M: S
S806.14 2b - DAMAGE PROP-PUBLIC - ART WORKS IN PUB BLDG OVER 200 UND 1000 DOLS - M: F
S806.14 2c - DAMAGE PROP-PUBLIC - ART WORKS IN PUBLIC BUILDING 1000 DOLS OR MORE - F: T
S817.806 2 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - VIOLATE CREDIT COUNSELOR LAW - F: T


Civil Citations / Citable Offenses under S806
R or S next to points is Mandatory Revocation or Suspension

S806.13 Criminal Mischief (under 18 years of age) [See 806.13(5)] - Points on Drivers License: 0 S
S806.13 Criminal Mischief (under 18 years of age) [See 806.13(5)] NOTE: Criminal Mischief (Under 18 years of age) (If court does not direct to suspend) (When UTC is written) Does not go on driver record as a conviction) Do not send Court Orders unless Court directs Revocation/Suspension. - Points on Drivers License: 0


Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id., at 806. . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. THURAISSIGIAM, 140 S. Ct. 1959 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Shaughnessy , 336 U.S. 806, 69 S.Ct. 921, 93 L.Ed. 1054 (1949) ; United States ex rel. Knauff v. . . . Shaughnessy , 336 U.S. 806, 69 S.Ct. 921, 93 L.Ed. 1054 (1949), we reversed for procedural error because . . .

ROGERS, v. GREWAL,, 140 S. Ct. 1865 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See McDonald , 561 U.S., at 750, 130 S.Ct. 3020 ; see id. , at 806, 130 S.Ct. 3020 (THOMAS, J., concurring . . .

NASRALLAH, v. P. BARR,, 140 S. Ct. 1683 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Gen. , 810 F.3d 792, 806, nn. 3, 12 (CA11 2016) ; Pechenkov v. . . .

VALENTINE, v. COLLIER,, 140 S. Ct. 1598 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See 956 F. 3d, at 806 (opinion of Higginson, J.). . . .

CITGO ASPHALT REFINING COMPANY, v. FRESCATI SHIPPING COMPANY, LTD., 140 S. Ct. 1081 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Oil Co. , 188 F.2d 804, 805-806 (CA2 1951) ("the natural meaning of 'safe place' is a place entirely . . .

K. KAHLER, v. KANSAS, 140 S. Ct. 1021 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Lawson , 475 Mass. 806, 811, 62 N. . . . Lawson , 475 Mass. 806, 811, 62 N.E.3d 22, 28 (2016) ; State v. . . .

S. BARTH, v. TOWNSHIP OF BERNARDS,, 140 S. Ct. 1266 (U.S. 2020)

. . . No. 19-806 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

RIDGELL, v. CITY OF PINE BLUFF, A In, 935 F.3d 633 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Heller , 475 U.S. 796, 798-99, 106 S.Ct. 1571, 89 L.Ed.2d 806 (1986) (per curiam). . . .

PANAH, v. CHAPPELL,, 935 F.3d 657 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 806, 111 S.Ct. 2590, 115 L.Ed.2d 706 (1991), here there is no reasoned state . . .

UNITED STATES v. HAWKINS, a. k. a. D III, a. k. a., 934 F.3d 1251 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 517 U.S. 806, 813, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996). . . .

UNITED STATES v. V. GILLIAM,, 934 F.3d 854 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . See King , 898 F.3d at 806-07. The testimony's admission was harmless error. C. . . .

COLE v. CARSON, v., 935 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gov't , 806 F.3d 268, 277-78 (5th Cir. 2015) ; cf. Hope v. . . .

BACA v. COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE, G. T. L. M., 935 F.3d 887 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bd. of Regents , 535 U.S. 613, 617, 122 S.Ct. 1640, 152 L.Ed.2d 806 (2002). . . . Bd. of Regents , 535 U.S. 613, 122 S.Ct. 1640, 152 L.Ed.2d 806 (2002) ], Arizonans , and Will ." . . .

BURKE, v. REGALADO, v., 935 F.3d 960 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . County of Los Angeles , 891 F.3d 776, 806 (9th Cir. 2018), the Ninth Circuit upheld a combined punitive . . . Gutierrez-Rodriguez , 882 F.2d at 581-82 ; see also Rodriguez , 891 F.3d at 806 (upholding a combined . . .

UNITED STATES v. O LAUGHLIN, 934 F.3d 840 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . California , 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975), extends to civil commitment proceedings . . .

UNITED STATES v. CANO,, 934 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 517 U.S. 806, 813, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996) (upholding a "pretextual" stop . . .

UNITED STATES v. TURNER,, 934 F.3d 794 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bradford, 806 F.3d 1151, 1155 (8th Cir. 2015). . . .

A. CARVELLI, v. OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION, M. R. Jr., 934 F.3d 1307 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id . at 806. . . . Id. at 806. Harris provides a helpful starting point for evaluating several of Ocwen's statements. . . .

DEJORIA, v. MAGHREB PETROLEUM EXPLORATION, S. A., 935 F.3d 381 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . In re I.I.G.T. , 412 S.W.3d 803, 806 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2013, no pet.) . . .

GOLDEN v. NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY v., 934 F.3d 302 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Prosecutor's Office , 378 N.J.Super. 539, 876 A.2d 806, 811 (App. Div. 2005). . . .

MAMMANA, v. FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, 934 F.3d 368 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Dep't of Corr. , 806 F.3d 210, 227 (3d Cir. 2015). . . . Chavarriaga , 806 F.3d at 229. . . .

YOUKHANNA v. CITY OF STERLING HEIGHTS C., 934 F.3d 508 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fund, Inc. , 473 U.S. 788, 806, 105 S.Ct. 3439, 87 L.Ed.2d 567 (1985) ). . . .

DAWSON, v. NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION PAC-, 932 F.3d 905 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Peters , 974 F.2d 806, 809 (7th Cir. 1992) ). . . .

LANDMARK AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, v. DEERFIELD CONSTRUCTION, INC. v. J., 933 F.3d 806 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . App. 3d 563, 307 Ill.Dec. 806, 860 N.E.2d 460 (2006), which holds that "[i]t is the duty to defend that . . . Id. at 570, 307 Ill.Dec. 806, 860 N.E.2d 460 (quoting Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc. v. Home Ins. . . .

JANJUA, v. NEUFELD, USCIS T. USCIS K. U. S. U. S. P. U. S., 933 F.3d 1061 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Holder , 672 F.3d 800, 806 (9th Cir. 2012), as amended (May 3, 2012); see also Howard v. . . . Gaudet , 414 U.S. 573, 593, 94 S.Ct. 806, 39 L.Ed.2d 9 (1974) (quoting Comm'r v. . . . See Oyeniran , 672 F.3d at 804, 806 (explaining that the question of whether petitioner's father was . . . Oyeniran , 672 F.3d at 806. . . . See Oyeniran , 672 F.3d at 806. . . .

UNITED STATES v. DAVIDSON,, 933 F.3d 912 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . James , 415 F.3d 800, 806 (8th Cir. 2005), and does not apply in the context of his short-lived flight . . .

IN RE PEABODY ENERGY CORPORATION Ad v. N. A. LP LP LP LLC FSB, 933 F.3d 918 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . McCormick, 863 F.3d 802, 806 (8th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). . . .

UNITED STATES v. L. HARPER,, 934 F.3d 524 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Castillo , 406 F.3d 806, 816 (7th Cir. 2005) (explaining that a completed transaction is not a necessary . . .

A. LAVITE, v. J. DUNSTAN,, 932 F.3d 1020 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Cornelius , 473 U.S. at 806, 105 S.Ct. 3439. . . .

LUXOTTICA GROUP, S. P. A. a v. AIRPORT MINI MALL, LLC, a d. b. a. LLC, a a. k. a. C. C., 932 F.3d 1303 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 806 F.3d 1062, 1067 (11th Cir. 2015). . . .

N. TIMM K. v. GOODYEAR DUNLOP TIRES NORTH AMERICA, LTD., 932 F.3d 986 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Rushford , 868 N.E.2d 806, 810 (Ind. 2007) ). . . .

MORALES- MORALES, v. P. BARR, U. S., 933 F.3d 456 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Yates , 846 F.3d 806, 810 (5th Cir. 2017). . . .

IN RE GOOGLE INC. COOKIE PLACEMENT CONSUMER PRIVACY LITIGATION H., 934 F.3d 316 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Cookie Placement Consumer Privacy Litigation , 806 F.3d 125, 130-34 (3d Cir. 2015). . . .

FRYE, v. CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., 933 F.3d 591 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Endeavor Ohio, LLC , 806 F.3d 402, 409 (6th Cir. 2015). B. . . .

WARREN, v. FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION,, 932 F.3d 378 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Tucker , 806 S.W.2d 914, 924 (Tex. App. . . .

GGNSC LOUISVILLE HILLCREEK, LLC GGNSC LLC GGNSC LLC, v. ESTATE OF C. BRAMER, BY AND THROUGH A. BRAMER, A., 932 F.3d 480 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gibbs-Inman Co. , 283 Ky. 107, 140 S.W.2d 806, 809 (Ct. . . .

UNITED STATES v. COLLIER,, 932 F.3d 1067 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . California , 422 U.S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975) (requiring a hearing following a . . .

PENNSYLVANIA NATIONAL MUTUAL CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, v. BEACH MART, INC. L L, 932 F.3d 268 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Urban Outfitters, Inc. , 806 F.3d 761, 768 (3d Cir. 2015) ). . . . Hanover , 806 F.3d at 764 ; see Drager v. . . . See Hanover , 806 F.3d at 768 ; Taco Bell Corp. v. Cont'l Cas. . . . See 806 F.3d at 768. . . . Hanover Ins. , 806 F.3d at 768. . . .

CAESARS ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION v. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS LOCAL PENSION FUND,, 932 F.3d 91 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . See Lee & Mouritsen, supra , at 806-13, 828-32. . . .

UNITED STATES v. PORTER,, 933 F.3d 226 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. at 806 (quoting United States v. . . . Ct. at 806 (quoting Broce , 488 U.S. at 575, 109 S.Ct. 757 ). . . .

J. MAHLER, v. FIRST DAKOTA TITLE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, a LLC, a LLC C. A. Jr., 931 F.3d 799 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Servs. , 728 F.3d 800, 806 (8th Cir. 2013) ("The standard for demonstrating a hostile work environment . . .

D. FARVER, v. D. MCCARTHY,, 931 F.3d 808 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . McDonnell Douglas , 411 U.S. at 806, 93 S.Ct. 1817. . . .

UNITED STATES v. KRAEMER,, 933 F.3d 675 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Mateen , 806 F.3d 857, 861 (6th Cir. 2015) ; Sullivan , 797 F.3d at 640 ; Barker , 723 F.3d at 322-23 . . . Mateen , 806 F.3d 857, 861 (6th Cir. 2015) ("[W]hen a sentence enhancement based on a state conviction . . .

CELGENE CORPORATION, v. A. PETER, v. A., 931 F.3d 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Sipnet EU S.R.O. , 806 F.3d 1356, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2015). 2 We begin with the '501 patent. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIELDS,, 932 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . State , 917 S.W.2d 799, 806-07 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (en banc). See id. at 807. Id. (citing Tex. . . .

GORSS MOTELS, INC. a a E G, a a v. SAFEMARK SYSTEMS, LP,, 931 F.3d 1094 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sys. of Ga. , 535 U.S. 613, 621, 122 S.Ct. 1640, 152 L.Ed.2d 806 (2002). . . .

DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. LLC,, 931 F.3d 339 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Thrailkill , 806 F.3d 1234, 1244 (9th Cir. 2015). . . .

HUNT, WAL- MART STORES, INC., 931 F.3d 624 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Faragher , 524 U.S. at 806, 118 S.Ct. 2275 (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(f) (1997) ). . . . Faragher , 524 U.S. at 806, 118 S.Ct. 2275. . . .

COBA v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY, 932 F.3d 114 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Learjet, Inc. , 592 F.3d 805, 806 (7th Cir. 2010) (noting that § 1332(d)(1)(B) "defines class action . . . Cunningham , 592 F.3d at 806 (explaining that subsection (d)(8) at most suggests that a class "may be . . . Learjet, Inc. , 592 F.3d 805, 806-07 (7th Cir. 2010) ; Vega v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. LEBEDEV R. J. M., 932 F.3d 40 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Roldan-Zapata , 916 F.2d 795, 806 (2d Cir. 1990). . . .

FOROUZAN v. BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, LLC,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 1184 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Ford Motor Co. , 806 F.3d 1217, 1223 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Mexia v. Rinker Boat Co. , 174 Cal. . . .

PETERSON, v. HEYMES,, 931 F.3d 546 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Heller , 475 U.S. 796, 799, 106 S.Ct. 1571, 89 L.Ed.2d 806 (1986) (whether the municipality had a policy . . .

Z. J. a BY AND THROUGH Je JONES, v. KANSAS CITY BOARD OF POLICE COMMISSIONERS,, 931 F.3d 672 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States, 468 U.S. 796, 806, 104 S.Ct. 3380, 82 L.Ed.2d 599 (1984), which recognized that searches . . . United States , 468 U.S. 796, 806, 104 S.Ct. 3380, 82 L.Ed.2d 599 (1984). . . .

STATE BY AND THROUGH TENNESSEE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE,, 931 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Heath , 806 S.W.2d 535, 537 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). . . . See Heath , 806 S.W.2d at 537. . . .

NEWIRTH, BY AND THROUGH J. NEWIRTH, v. AEGIS SENIOR COMMUNITIES, LLC,, 931 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 1421, 1426, 197 L.Ed.2d 806 (2017) (quoting Concepcion , 563 U.S. at 339, 131 S.Ct. 1740 ). . . .

EDWARDS, v. PENIX, 388 F. Supp. 3d 135 (N.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 801, 806 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ("Supervisory liability in a § 1983 action depends on a showing of . . .

L. JACKSON, v. BARTOW,, 930 F.3d 930 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . California , 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975). . . .

LAZO Ny v. SODEXO, INC., 931 F.3d 29 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Grp., Inc., 78 Mass.App.Ct. 806, 942 N.E.2d 1007, 1015 (2011) (noting that the purpose of the designation . . .

NANTUME, v. P. BARR,, 931 F.3d 35 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Lynch, 806 F.3d 19, 21 (1st Cir. 2015). . . . Mejía-Ramaja, 806 F.3d at 21. . . . Mejía-Ramaja, 806 F.3d at 21. . . .

L. TATUM, v. SOUTHERN COMPANY SERVICES, INCORPORATED,, 930 F.3d 709 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wis., Inc. , 259 F.3d 799, 806 (7th Cir. 2001) ). . . .

NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY P. v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 499 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . FBI , 806 F.2d 55, 58-59 (2d Cir.1986) ) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

PRESQUE ISLE COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY, v. HIGHMARK HEALTH, f k a f k a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 485 (W.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Supermarkets, Inc. , 806 F.3d 162, 171 (3d Cir. 2015). . . .

BIGSBY, Jr. v. BARCLAYS CAPITAL REAL ESTATE, INC., 391 F. Supp. 3d 336 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Rptr. 3d 806, 822 (2016) (emphases added). . . .

ASSOCIATION FOR COMMUNITY AFFILIATED PLANS, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 22 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . United States, 987 F.2d 806, 810 (D.C. Cir. 1993) )); see also Pls.' Reply in Supp. of Pls.' . . .

MARINELARENA, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Beardslee , 53 Cal. 3d 68, 92, 279 Cal.Rptr. 276, 806 P.2d 1311 (1991) (explaining that if there are . . .

FLORES, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 799, 806-07 (9th Cir. 2004) (discussing INS v. . . .

PIERRE- PAUL, v. P. BARR, U. S., 930 F.3d 684 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Yates , 846 F.3d 806, 810 (5th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. GUTIERREZ- RAMIREZ,, 930 F.3d 963 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States v King , 898 F.3d 797, 806 (8th Cir. 2018) (internal quotations omitted). . . .

ZERN, v. STATE, 275 So. 3d 1182 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . No. 1D19-806 District Court of Appeal of Florida, First District. . . .

MASON, C. v. FAUL,, 929 F.3d 762 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gov't , 806 F.3d 268, 277-78 (5th Cir. 2015) (" Mason I"). . . . Contrary to the views expressed by Judge Higginbotham's dissent in Mason I , 806 F.3d at 286-88, and . . .

UNITED STATES v. C. SCHMIDT,, 930 F.3d 858 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Rosenberg , 806 F.2d 1169, 1179 (3d Cir. 1986). . . .

COTTO L PEZ, v. UNI N DE TRABAJADORES DE LA INDUSTRIA EL CTRICA Y RIEGO, X, Y, Z A, B, C, 392 F. Supp. 3d 263 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . Boston, 806 F.3d 13, 16-17 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting LaChapelle v. Berkshire Life Ins. . . .

R. BRADLEY, v. VILLAGE OF UNIVERSITY PARK, ILLINOIS,, 929 F.3d 875 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dep't of Natural Resources , 600 F.3d 798, 806 (7th Cir. 2010) ("[B]ecause Ms. . . .

VUGO, INC. v. CITY OF NEW YORK,, 931 F.3d 42 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . See Taxpayers for Vincent , 466 U.S. at 806, 104 S.Ct. 2118 ("[T]he city was entitled to protect unwilling . . .

UNITED STATES v. HANSEN,, 929 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . California , 422 U.S. 806, 821, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975) )). . . . Williamson ("John Williamson "), 806 F.2d 216, 219-20 (10th Cir. 1986) ("Courts indulge every presumption . . . John Williamson , 806 F.2d at 220 ; see Vann , 776 F.3d at 763 ("We reflect on the totality of the circumstances . . . John Williamson , 806 F.2d at 219 (noting that "[e]ach case must be reviewed individually, with the objective . . . Constitution' " (quoting Von Moltke , 332 U.S. at 723, 68 S.Ct. 316 )); see also John Williamson , 806 . . .

SELLARS, v. CRST EXPEDITED, INC., 385 F. Supp. 3d 803 (N.D. Iowa 2019)

. . . INTRODUCTION ...806 II. BACKGROUND ...806 III. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARDS ...807 IV. . . .

FUSARO, v. R. COGAN, C. J. A. J. Jr., 930 F.3d 241 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 984 (S.D.N.Y.), judgment aff'd , 400 U.S. 806, 91 S.Ct. 65, 27 L.Ed.2d 38 (1970). . . .

UNITED STATES v. MILLS,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 520 (E.D. Mich. 2019)

. . . United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996) ; see also Wayte v. . . .

PIER CRUISE EXPERTS, a v. REVELEX CORPORATION, a, 929 F.3d 1334 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Effjohn Oy Ab , 806 So. 2d 542, 544 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 2001) (collecting cases). . . .

ABC SOILS, INC. v. DRS POWER TECHNOLOGY, INC., 386 F. Supp. 3d 107 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Ct. 799, 801, 806 N.E.2d 933, 936 (2004). . . .

SLIVKA, v. YOUNG MEN S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION OF PIKES PEAK REGION,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 1283 (D. Colo. 2019)

. . . McVeigh , 119 F.3d 806, 811 (10th Cir. 1997). . . .

IN RE VARIOUS SOCIAL SECURITY CASES AFFECTED BY SIXTH CIRCUIT DECISION IN HICKS V. BERRYHILL, NO., 392 F. Supp. 3d 784 (E.D. Ky. 2019)

. . . Id. at 806. The above-captioned cases were stayed pending the Sixth Circuit's decision in Hicks . . . .

CORBITT, SDC, a v. VICKERS,, 929 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . App'x 806 (11th Cir. 2015), which observed that "[i]n this circuit, there is no clearly established right . . . App'x 806 (11th Cir. 2015). 503 F. App'x 672 (11th Cir. 2012). Compare Dodd v. . . .

KNIGHT FIRST AMENDMENT INSTITUTE AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Gu, v. J. TRUMP,, 928 F.3d 226 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. , 473 U.S. 788, 806, 105 S.Ct. 3439, 87 L.Ed.2d 567 (1985 . . . discrimination prohibited in traditional, designated, and limited public forums); Cornelius , 473 U.S. at 806 . . .

Q. GALE, Q. LLC, FKA LLC, LLC, v. CHICAGO TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY, a, 929 F.3d 74 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Republic of Argentina , 806 F.3d 22, 26 (2d Cir. 2015) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. WILLIAMS,, 930 F.3d 44 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 517 U.S. 806, 812, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIGUEROA- FIGUEROA,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 70 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . Ayres, 725 F.2d 806 (1st Cir. 1984) ; United States v. Young, 105 F.3d at 6 (same). . . . Brake, 666 F.3d 800, 806 (1st Cir. 2011) United States v. . . .

COBA v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY, 930 F.3d 174 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Learjet, Inc. , 592 F.3d 805, 806 (7th Cir. 2010) (noting that § 1332(d)(1)(B) "defines class action . . . Cunningham , 592 F.3d at 806 (explaining that subsection (d)(8) at most suggests that a class "may be . . . Learjet, Inc. , 592 F.3d 805, 806-07 (7th Cir. 2010) ; Vega v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FLORES,, 929 F.3d 443 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . California , 422 U.S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975). . . .

GAMERO, v. P. BARR,, 929 F.3d 464 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lynch , 834 F.3d 800, 806 (7th Cir. 2016), where the evidence consisted of "random incidents of violence . . .

UNITED STATES v. J. SAGUTO,, 929 F.3d 519 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Rodriguez-Valencia , 753 F.3d 801, 806 (8th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation omitted). . . .

COLBRUNO, v. KESSLER, a, 928 F.3d 1155 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Unified Gov't of Wyandotte Cty. , 806 F.3d 1022, 1026 (10th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted . . .

UNITED STATES v. PETROSKE, 928 F.3d 767 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Jirak, 728 F.3d 806, 813 (8th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. . . .

IN RE C. LLOYD, J. v. T., 603 B.R. 247 (Bankr. Mass. 2019)

. . . HBC Assocs., 411 Mass. 451, 583 N.E.2d 806, 820 (1991) ; Druker v. Roland Wm. . . .

L. BLAIR A. v. RENT- A- CENTER, INC. a A- a, 928 F.3d 819 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 1421, 197 L.Ed.2d 806 (2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. WARWICK,, 928 F.3d 939 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 798, 806 (E.D.Va. 2005) (consent given thirty minutes after officers arrived; finding of voluntariness . . .

EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, v. CENTURA HEALTH,, 933 F.3d 1203 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . FBI, 572 F.3d 794, 806 (10th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). . . .

BERNARD M. D. v. INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF INDIANA MEDICAL LICENSING BOARD, 392 F. Supp. 3d 935 (S.D. Ind. 2019)

. . . Schimel , 806 F.3d 908, 919 (7th Cir. 2015) ), petition for cert. filed (Feb. 4, 2019). . . .