The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title X
PUBLIC OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, AND RECORDS

Chapter 115
LEAVES OF ABSENCE TO OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES

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CHAPTER 115

LEAVES OF ABSENCE TO OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES

115.01 Leave of absence for military service.

115.02 Governor to grant application; proviso.

115.03 Appointment of deputy; bond.

115.04 Applicability of ss. 115.01-115.06 to certain officers.

115.05 Duties of deputy.

115.06 Reassumption of duties.

115.07 Officers and employees’ leaves of absence for reserve or guard training.

115.08 Definitions.

115.09 Leave to public officials for military service.

115.11 Leave not to extend beyond term of office; temporarily unoccupied position.

115.12 Rights during leave.

115.13 Resumption of official duties.

115.14 Employees.

115.15 Adoption of federal law for employees.

115.01 Leave of absence for military service.—Any county or state official of the state, subject to the provisions and conditions hereinafter set forth, may be granted leave of absence from his or her office, to serve in the volunteer forces of the United States, or in the National Guard of any state, or in the regular Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, or Space Force of the United States, when the same shall be called into active service of the United States during war between the United States and a foreign government.

History.—s. 1, ch. 7393, 1917; RGS 400; CGL 465; s. 732, ch. 95-147; s. 2, ch. 2016-216; s. 4, ch. 2022-183.

115.02 Governor to grant application; proviso.—When any such officer shall be granted a leave of absence pursuant to this chapter, the Governor shall, upon application being made by such officer, grant such officer leave of absence during the time he or she shall be retained in such military service; provided, such service shall not extend beyond the term of office of such officer, in which event the office shall be filled by election at the expiration thereof.

History.—s. 2, ch. 7393, 1917; RGS 401; CGL 466; s. 733, ch. 95-147; s. 6, ch. 2003-72.

115.03 Appointment of deputy; bond.—Before applying for a leave of absence, the officer shall appoint a capable and competent deputy to take over and perform the duties of the office, and any bond required of the officer must remain in full force during the remainder of his or her term of office. Such deputy may be required to furnish bond in a sum of not more than one-half of the amount of the bond of the officer appointing him or her as such deputy, for the faithful performance of such duties.

History.—s. 3, ch. 7393, 1917; RGS 402; CGL 467; s. 734, ch. 95-147; s. 19, ch. 98-34.

115.04 Applicability of ss. 115.01-115.06 to certain officers.—The provisions of ss. 115.01-115.06 shall only apply to such officers as are now authorized by law to appoint deputies.

History.—s. 4, ch. 7393, 1917; RGS 403; CGL 468.

115.05 Duties of deputy.—Any deputy qualifying under the provisions of ss. 115.01-115.06 shall perform all of the duties that may devolve upon the officer appointing him or her, and the deputy shall sign all official papers and documents in the name of the officer so appointing him or her as such deputy, and his or her said acts as such deputy shall in all respects be as binding as if performed by the officer appointing such deputy.

History.—s. 5, ch. 7393, 1917; RGS 404; CGL 469; s. 735, ch. 95-147.

115.06 Reassumption of duties.—Upon being mustered out of the service of the United States, such officer granted leave under s. 115.01 shall immediately enter into the duties of his or her office for the remainder of the term for which he or she was elected.

History.—s. 6, ch. 7393, 1917; RGS 405; CGL 470; s. 736, ch. 95-147.

115.07 Officers and employees’ leaves of absence for reserve or guard training.—

(1) All officers or employees of the state, of the several counties of the state, and of the municipalities or political subdivisions of the state who are commissioned reserve officers or reserve enlisted personnel in the United States military or naval service or members of the National Guard are entitled to leaves of absence from their respective duties, without loss of vacation leave, pay, time, or efficiency rating, on all days during which they are engaged in training ordered under the provisions of the United States military or naval training regulations for such personnel when assigned to active or inactive duty.

(2) Leaves of absence granted as a matter of legal right under the provisions of this section may not exceed 240 working hours in any one annual period. Administrative leaves of absence for additional or longer periods of time for assignment to duty functions of a military character shall be without pay and shall be granted by the employing or appointing authority of any state, county, municipal, or political subdivision employee and when so granted shall be without loss of time or efficiency rating.

(3) When an employee’s assigned employment duty conflicts with ordered active or inactive duty training, it is the responsibility of the employing agency of the state, county, municipal, or political subdivision to provide a substitute employee, if necessary, for the assumption of such employment duty while the employee is on assignment for the training.

(4) It is the intent of the Legislature that the state, its several counties, and its municipalities and political subdivisions shall grant leaves of absence for active or inactive training to all employees who are members of the United States Reserve Forces or the National Guard, to ensure the state and national security at all times through a strong armed force of qualified and mobilization-ready personnel.

History.—s. 1, ch. 17975, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 470(1); s. 1, ch. 26852, 1951; s. 10, ch. 83-227; ss. 1, 2, ch. 85-279; s. 1, ch. 2010-79.

115.08 Definitions.—

(1) The term “active military service” as used in this chapter shall signify active duty in the Florida defense force or federal service in training or on active duty with any branch of the Armed Forces or Reservists of the Armed Forces, the Florida National Guard, the Coast Guard of the United States, and service of all officers of the United States Public Health Service detailed by proper authority for duty with the Armed Forces, and shall include the period during which a person in military service is absent from duty on account of sickness, wounds, leave, or other lawful cause.

(2) The term “period of active military service” as used in this chapter shall begin with the date of entering upon active military service, and shall terminate with death or a date 30 days immediately next succeeding the date of release or discharge from active military service, or upon return from active military service, whichever shall occur first.

(3) The term “servicemember” as used in this chapter shall have the same meaning as provided in s. 250.01.

History.—s. 2, ch. 20718, 1941; s. 7, ch. 2003-72.

115.09 Leave to public officials for military service.—All officials of the state, the several counties of the state, and the municipalities or political subdivisions of the state, including district school and community college officers, which officials are also servicemembers in the National Guard or a reserve component of the Armed Forces of the United States, shall be granted leave of absence from their respective offices and duties to perform active military service, the first 30 days of any such leave of absence to be with full pay.

History.—ss. 1, chs. 20718, 20863, 1941; s. 1, ch. 69-300; s. 1, ch. 91-3; s. 8, ch. 2003-72.

115.11 Leave not to extend beyond term of office; temporarily unoccupied position.—

(1) In the event that the term of office of an official on leave shall expire during such leave, the office of that official shall be filled by election or appointment as may be required by law; provided, however, that said official on leave shall have the right to qualify and become a candidate for such office and, if nominated or elected, shall have the same rights and privileges herein accorded to an incumbent.

(2) Should such military leave of absence for any elected municipal officer extend for more than 60 days, the temporarily unoccupied position created by such leave may be filled by majority vote of the remaining members of the legislative body of the municipality. This temporary appointment shall terminate upon the elected official’s return from active military service or upon the expiration of his or her original term of office, whichever occurs first.

History.—s. 4, ch. 20718, 1941; s. 1, ch. 91-92; s. 738, ch. 95-147.

115.12 Rights during leave.—

(1) During such leave of absence such official shall be entitled to preserve all seniority rights, efficiency ratings, promotional status and retirement privileges. The period of active military service shall, for purposes of computation to determine whether such person may be entitled to retirement under the laws of the state, be deemed continuous service in the office of said official. While absent on such leave without pay, said official shall not be required to make any contribution to any retirement fund.

(2) The employing authority shall adhere to all the provisions contained in the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act, chapter 43 of Title 38 U.S.C.

History.—s. 5, ch. 20718, 1941; s. 10, ch. 2003-72.

115.13 Resumption of official duties.—Upon said officer terminating his or her active military service, he or she shall enter upon the duties of office for the unexpired portion of the term for which he or she was elected or appointed, in accordance with the limits provided under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act, chapter 43 of Title 38 U.S.C.

History.—s. 6, ch. 20718, 1941; s. 739, ch. 95-147; s. 11, ch. 2003-72.

115.14 Employees.—All employees of the state, the several counties of the state, and the municipalities or political subdivisions of the state shall be granted leave of absence under the terms of this law; upon such leave of absence being granted said employee shall enjoy the same rights and privileges as are hereby granted to officials under this law, insofar as may be, including, without limitation, receiving full pay for the first 30 days. Notwithstanding the provisions of s. 115.09, the employing authority may supplement the military pay of its officials and employees who are reservists called to active military service after the first 30 days in an amount necessary to bring their total salary, inclusive of their base military pay, to the level earned at the time they were called to active military duty. The employing authority shall continue to provide all health insurance and other existing benefits to such officials and employees as required by the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act, chapter 43 of Title 38 U.S.C.

History.—s. 7, ch. 20718, 1941; s. 2, ch. 91-3; s. 12, ch. 2003-72.

115.15 Adoption of federal law for employees.—The provisions of the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act, chapter 43 of Title 38 U.S.C., shall be applicable in this state, and the refusal of any state, county, or municipal official to comply therewith shall subject him or her to removal from office.

History.—s. 8, ch. 20718, 1941; s. 740, ch. 95-147; s. 13, ch. 2003-72.

F.S. 115 on Google Scholar

F.S. 115 on Casetext

Amendments to 115

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 115

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S267.115 7 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - CUSTODIAN VIOL HISTORIC PROPERTY REGULATIONS - M: S

S790.115 1 - WEAPON OFFENSE - EXHIBIT WEAPON AT SCHOOL OR WI 1000 FT - F: T

S790.115 2a - POSSESSION OF WEAPON - RENUMBERED. SEE # 9254 - F: T

S790.115 2b - INCENDIARY DEVICE-POSSESS - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 9260 - F: T

S790.115 2b - POSSESSION OF WEAPON - POSSESS DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE ON SCHOOL PROPERTY - F: T

S790.115 2b - POSSESSION OF WEAPON - POSSESS ELECTRONIC WEAPON ON SCHOOL PROPERTY - F: T

S790.115 2b - POSSESSION OF WEAPON - OTHER WEAPON s.790.001(13) ON SCHOOL PROPERTY - F: T

S790.115 2c1 - POSSESSION OF WEAPON - POSSESS FIREARM ON SCHOOL PROPERTY - F: T

S790.115 2c1 - POSSESSION OF WEAPON - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8953 - F: T

S790.115 2c2 - WEAPON OFFENSE - ALLOW MINOR OBT FIREARM TAKE TO SCH PROPERTY - M: S

S790.115 2d - FIRING WEAPON - OR FIREARM DISCHARGE ON SCHOOL PROPERTY - F: S

S790.115 2e - FIRING WEAPON - OR FA DISCHARGE ON SCHOOL PROP BY LIC HOLDER - F: S

S810.115 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - BREAK INJURE FENCE - M: F

S810.115 1 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - BREAK OR INJURE FENCE 2ND SUBSQ OFF - F: T

S810.115 2 - DAMAGE PROP-CRIM MISCH - BREAK INJURE FENCE CONTAIN ANIMALS - F: T

S836.115 2a - INTIMIDATION - CYBER INTIMIDATE INCITE VIOL CRIME PERSON - M: F

S836.115 2b - INTIMIDATION - CYBER INTIMIDATE THREATEN HARASS BODILY HARM - M: F

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

LITTLE, v. RECLAIM IDAHO,, 140 S. Ct. 2616 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Plan , 501 U.S. 1301, 1304-1305, 112 S.Ct. 1, 115 L.Ed.2d 1087 (1991) (Scalia, J., in chambers) (even . . . S. ----, 140 S.Ct. 599, 206 L.Ed.2d 115 (2020) ; Republican National Committee v. . . .

CALVARY CHAPEL DAYTON VALLEY v. SISOLAK,, 140 S. Ct. 2603 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va. , 515 U.S. 819, 831, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995). . . . Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va. , 515 U.S. 819, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995) ; Larson v . . .

P. BARR, v. PURKEY, 140 S. Ct. 2594 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Texas , 514 U.S. 1045, 115 S.Ct. 1421, 131 L.Ed.2d 304 (1995) (Stevens, J., memorandum respecting denial . . .

J. TRUMP, v. MAZARS USA, LLP, J. v. AG,, 140 S. Ct. 2019 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Thornton , 514 U.S. 779, 846, 115 S.Ct. 1842, 131 L.Ed.2d 881 (1995) (THOMAS, J., dissenting). . . .

MCGIRT, v. OKLAHOMA, 140 S. Ct. 2452 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Thompson , 501 U.S. 722, 738-739, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). . . .

B. CHIAFALO, v. WASHINGTON, 140 S. Ct. 2316 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Term Limits , 514 U.S., at 864, 115 S.Ct. 1842 (dissenting opinion). . . . Term Limits, 514 U.S., at 804-805, 115 S.Ct. 1842 (majority opinion). . . . Id., at 848, 115 S.Ct. 1842 ; see also United States v. . . . Term Limits , supra , at 863, 115 S.Ct. 1842 (THOMAS, J., dissenting). . . . Term Limits , supra , at 852, 115 S.Ct. 1842 (THOMAS, J., dissenting). . . .

P. BARR, v. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF POLITICAL CONSULTANTS, INC., 140 S. Ct. 2335 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va. , 515 U.S. 819, 829-830, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995) ( . . . Georgia , 501 U.S. 529, 548-549, 111 S.Ct. 2439, 115 L.Ed.2d 481 (1991) (Scalia, J., concurring in judgment . . .

ESPINOZA, v. MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,, 140 S. Ct. 2246 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Thompson , 501 U.S. 722, 730, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991) (forbidding "resolution of a federal . . . Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va. , 515 U.S. 819, 847, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995) (O'Connor . . . Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va. , 515 U.S. 819, 839, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995). . . . Rev. 115, 122 (1992). . . .

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, v. BOOKING. COM B. V., 140 S. Ct. 2298 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Jacobson Products Co. , 514 U.S. 159, 171, 115 S.Ct. 1300, 131 L.Ed.2d 248 (1995). . . . Solimino , 501 U.S. 104, 108, 111 S.Ct. 2166, 115 L.Ed.2d 96 (1991). . . . Jacobson Products Co. , 514 U.S. 159, 171, 115 S.Ct. 1300, 131 L.Ed.2d 248 (1995). . . .

AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, v. ALLIANCE FOR OPEN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL, INC., 140 S. Ct. 2082 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id. , at 561, 115 S.Ct. 2338. . . . Id. , at 561-562, 115 S.Ct. 2338. . . . Id. , at 572-573, 115 S.Ct. 2338. . . . See 515 U.S. at 574-575, 115 S.Ct. 2338. . . . See 515 U.S. at 571, 115 S.Ct. 2338. . . . Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston , Inc., 515 U.S. 557, 574-575, 115 S.Ct. 2338 . . . See Hurley , 515 U.S. at 572-573, 115 S.Ct. 2338 ; Pacific Gas , 475 U.S. at 15, 106 S.Ct. 903 ; cf. . . .

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id ., at 351; see id ., at 115-116, 180, 793; La. Rev. Stat. . . . Tennessee , 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991). . . . Peña , 515 U.S. 200, 231, 115 S.Ct. 2097, 132 L.Ed.2d 158 (1995) (plurality opinion). . . . Commissioner , 501 U.S. 868, 878-880, 111 S.Ct. 2631, 115 L.Ed.2d 764 (1991). . . . National Railroad Passenger Corporation , 513 U.S. 374, 379, 115 S.Ct. 961, 130 L.Ed.2d 902 (1995) (" . . . Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506, 521, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995) ; Rodriguez de Quijas v. . . .

SEILA LAW LLC, v. CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU, 140 S. Ct. 2183 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Mortgage Bankers Assn. , 575 U.S. 92, 115-116, 135 S.Ct. 1199, 191 L.Ed.2d 186 (2015) (THOMAS, J., concurring . . . Id. , at 115, 134, 150, 172, 176, 47 S.Ct. 21. . . . Spendthrift Farm, Inc. , 514 U.S. 211, 219, 115 S.Ct. 1447, 131 L.Ed.2d 328 (1995) (" '[A] "judicial . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. THURAISSIGIAM, 140 S. Ct. 1959 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Perfetto , 355 U.S. 115, 78 S.Ct. 180, 2 L.Ed.2d 140 (1957), United States ex rel. Accardi v. . . .

C. LIU, v. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 140 S. Ct. 1936 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Jenkins , 515 U.S. 70, 127, 115 S.Ct. 2038, 132 L.Ed.2d 63 (1995) (THOMAS, J., concurring). . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 1891 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001, § 423(b), 115 . . . Alloyd Co. , 513 U.S. 561, 569, 115 S.Ct. 1061, 131 L.Ed.2d 1 (1995), these grants of authority must . . .

BOSTOCK, v. CLAYTON COUNTY, GEORGIA v. Jr. Co- R. G. G. R. v., 140 S. Ct. 1731 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Whalen, The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act 115-118 (1985). . . . Roemer , 501 U.S. 380, 410, 111 S.Ct. 2354, 115 L.Ed.2d 348 (1991) (dissenting opinion). . . . Roemer , 501 U.S. 380, 405, 111 S.Ct. 2354, 115 L.Ed.2d 348 (1991) (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("We are . . .

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, v. COWPASTURE RIVER PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION LLC, v., 140 S. Ct. 1837 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Ashcroft , 501 U.S. 452, 460, 111 S.Ct. 2395, 115 L.Ed.2d 410 (1991). . . .

ROGERS, v. GREWAL,, 140 S. Ct. 1865 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See Malcom 115. . . .

J. LOMAX, v. ORTIZ- MARQUEZ,, 140 S. Ct. 1721 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Sweet Home Chapter, Communities for Great Ore., 515 U.S. 687, 702, 705, 115 S.Ct. 2407, 132 L.Ed.2d 597 . . .

J. THOLE, v. U. S. BANK N. A, 140 S. Ct. 1615 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Mendell , 501 U.S. 115, 125-126, 111 S.Ct. 2173, 115 L.Ed.2d 109 (1991) (suggesting that shareholder . . . Peña , 515 U.S. 200, 211, 115 S.Ct. 2097, 132 L.Ed.2d 158 (1995) ; Northeastern Fla. . . . S. 115, 111 S.Ct. 2173, 115 L.Ed.2d 109 (1991), and Craig v. Boren , 429 U. . . .

GE ENERGY POWER CONVERSION FRANCE SAS, CORP. SAS, v. OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS USA, LLC,, 140 S. Ct. 1637 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Lynchburg College , 535 U.S. 106, 114-115, n. 8, 122 S.Ct. 1145, 152 L.Ed.2d 188 (2002) ("[T]here is . . .

FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, v. AURELIUS INVESTMENT, LLC, LLC, III v. LLC, v. LLC, n De De La El Y v., 140 S. Ct. 1649 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Commissioner , 501 U.S. 868, 883, 111 S.Ct. 2631, 115 L.Ed.2d 764 (1991) ; see also The Federalist No . . . Citizens for Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc. , 501 U.S. 252, 270-271, 111 S.Ct. 2298, 115 L.Ed.2d 236 . . . Commissioner , 501 U.S. 868, 111 S.Ct. 2631, 115 L.Ed.2d 764, and Lucia v. . . . National Railroad Passenger Corporation , 513 U.S. 374, 115 S.Ct. 961, 130 L.Ed.2d 902 (1995), or MWAA . . . United States , 515 U.S. 177, 115 S.Ct. 2031, 132 L.Ed.2d 136 (1995) (discussing the doctrine); see also . . .

BANISTER, v. DAVIS,, 140 S. Ct. 1698 (U.S. 2020)

. . . INS , 514 U.S. 386, 401, 115 S.Ct. 1537, 131 L.Ed.2d 465 (1995). . . . McAninch , 513 U.S. 432, 115 S.Ct. 992, 130 L.Ed.2d 947 (1995), we rejected a State's argument that Rule . . . Id. , at 440, 115 S.Ct. 992. In Holiday v. . . .

SOUTH BAY UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH, v. NEWSOM,, 140 S. Ct. 1613 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va. , 515 U.S. 819, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995) ; Church of . . .

MAINE COMMUNITY HEALTH OPTIONS, v. UNITED STATES v. v. v., 140 S. Ct. 1308 (U.S. 2020)

. . . L. 115-31, § 223, 131 Stat. 543 (providing for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2017). . . .

BARTON, v. P. BARR,, 140 S. Ct. 1442 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Sweet Home Chapter, Communities for Great Ore., 515 U.S. 687, 698, 115 S.Ct. 2407, 132 L.Ed.2d 597 (1995 . . .

COUNTY OF MAUI, HAWAII, v. HAWAII WILDLIFE FUND,, 140 S. Ct. 1462 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Mortgage Bankers Assn. , 575 U.S. 92, 115-126, 135 S.Ct. 1199, 191 L.Ed.2d 186 (2015) (THOMAS, J., concurring . . .

ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY, v. A. CHRISTIAN,, 140 S. Ct. 1335 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Alloyd Co. , 513 U.S. 561, 574, 115 S.Ct. 1061, 131 L.Ed.2d 1 (1995). . . .

RAMOS, v. LOUISIANA, 140 S. Ct. 1390 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506, 510, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995) ; Richardson v. . . . Gaudin , 515 U.S. at 510, 115 S.Ct. 2310 ; Richardson , 526 U.S. at 817, 119 S.Ct. 1707 ; Apprendi , . . . , 96 S.Ct. 2781, 49 L.Ed.2d 732 (1976) (quoting Apodaca plurality); Gaudin , 515 U.S. at 510, n. 2, 115 . . . Arizona , 501 U.S. 624, 634, n. 5, 111 S.Ct. 2491, 115 L.Ed.2d 555 (1991) (plurality opinion). . . . Pennington, Inside the Jury 115, 164-165 (1983); Hans, The Power of Twelve: The Impact of Jury Size and . . . Tennessee , 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991) ). . . . Tennessee , 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991). . . . Tennessee , 501 U.S. 808, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991) ; Batson v. . . . United States , 514 U.S. 695, 716, 115 S.Ct. 1754, 131 L.Ed.2d 779 (1995) (opinion concurring in part . . . Tennessee , 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991). . . .

ARCHDIOCESE OF WASHINGTON v. WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY,, 140 S. Ct. 1198 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va. , 515 U.S. 819, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995) ; Lamb's Chapel . . . perspective, a standpoint from which a variety of subjects may be discussed and considered." 515 U.S. at 831, 115 . . .

CITGO ASPHALT REFINING COMPANY, v. FRESCATI SHIPPING COMPANY, LTD., 140 S. Ct. 1081 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. , 514 U.S. 52, 64, 115 S.Ct. 1212, 131 L.Ed.2d 76 (1995) ). . . . Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. , 514 U.S. 52, 64, 115 S.Ct. 1212, 131 L.Ed.2d 76 (1995) (rejecting an interpretation . . . Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506, 512, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995). . . . Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506, 512, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995) ). . . .

GUERRERO- LASPRILLA, v. P. BARR, v. P., 140 S. Ct. 1062 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Lamagno , 515 U.S. 417, 434, 115 S.Ct. 2227, 132 L.Ed.2d 375 (1995) ; internal quotation marks omitted . . . Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506, 512, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995) ("the application-of-legal-standard-to-fact . . .

L. ALLEN, v. A. COOPER, III,, 140 S. Ct. 994 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Native Village of Noatak , 501 U.S. 775, 779, 111 S.Ct. 2578, 115 L.Ed.2d 686 (1991). . . .

SHULAR, v. UNITED STATES, 140 S. Ct. 779 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Shabani , 513 U.S. 10, 17, 115 S.Ct. 382, 130 L.Ed.2d 225 (1994) ). . . . Koray , 515 U.S. 50, 65, 115 S.Ct. 2021, 132 L.Ed.2d 46 (1995) ; Smith v. . . . Shabani , 513 U.S. 10, 17, 115 S.Ct. 382, 130 L.Ed.2d 225 (1994). . . .

C. HERNANDEZ, v. MESA, Jr., 140 S. Ct. 735 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Harmony , 13 How. 115, 14 L.Ed. 75 (1852) (affirming award in trespass suit brought by U.S. citizen against . . . Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. , 569 U.S. 108, 115, 133 S.Ct. 1659, 185 L.Ed.2d 671 (2013). . . . Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. , 569 U.S. 108, 115-116, 133 S.Ct. 1659, 185 L.Ed.2d 671 (2013). . . .

REED v. TEXAS, 140 S. Ct. 686 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Delo , 513 U.S. 298, 328, 115 S.Ct. 851, 130 L.Ed.2d 808 (1995) )); Ex parte Reed , 271 S.W.3d 698, 733 . . .

L. BALDWIN, Et Ux. v. UNITED STATES, 140 S. Ct. 690 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Laird, 1 Cranch 299, 309, 2 L.Ed. 115 (1803) ("[I]t is sufficient to observe, that practice and acquiescence . . .

L. JEFFERSON, v. UNITED STATES., 140 S. Ct. 861 (U.S. 2020)

. . . No. 115-391 (2018). . . .

C. ROTKISKE, v. KLEMM,, 140 S. Ct. 355 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Gilbertson , 501 U.S. 350, 363, 111 S.Ct. 2773, 115 L.Ed.2d 321 (1991) ; Lozano v. . . .

J. LAWRENCE, Jr. v. UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN., 140 S. Ct. 243 (U.S. 2019)

. . . No. 19-115 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

BIODELIVERY SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. AQUESTIVE THERAPEUTICS, INC. RX, LLC,, 935 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . NEC Corp. , 115 F.3d 947, 951 (Fed. Cir. 1997) ; see also Quern v. . . .

ANIMAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 935 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Alloyd Co. , 513 U.S. 561, 574, 115 S.Ct. 1061, 131 L.Ed.2d 1 (1995). . . . See, e.g. , Gustafson , 513 U.S. at 574-76, 115 S.Ct. 1061. . . . meaning so broad that it is inconsistent with its accompanying words," Gustafson , 513 U.S. at 575, 115 . . . wide dissemination" and a broader definition would render other words redundant. 513 U.S. at 574-576, 115 . . .

UNITED STATES v. TAYLOR, v., 935 F.3d 1279 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Evans , 514 U.S. 1, 4, 115 S.Ct. 1185, 131 L.Ed.2d 34 (1995) ; Herring , 555 U.S. at 137, 129 S.Ct. 695 . . .

G. STEPHENS v. UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY, a, 935 F.3d 852 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Grace Co. , 115 Idaho 1087, 772 P.2d 725, 728 (Ct. App. 1989). . . .

UNITED STATES v. HAYMOND,, 935 F.3d 1059 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 570 U.S. 99, 115, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013) ). . . .

BIRD, v. i DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES DHS, R., 935 F.3d 738 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Morgan II addressed only the serial acts branch of the continuing violations doctrine, see 536 U.S. at 115 . . . Morgan II , 536 U.S. at 115-17, 122 S.Ct. 2061. . . .

EDMO, v. CORIZON, INC. Al v. Al, 935 F.3d 757 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Conner , 515 U.S. 472, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995). . . .

RAY, v. COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, v. As, 935 F.3d 703 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 39, 115 S.Ct. 394. . . . Id. at 40, 115 S.Ct. 394. . . . Id. at 45, 115 S.Ct. 394. . . . Id. at 48, 115 S.Ct. 394. . . . Id. at 47, 115 S.Ct. 394. . . .

R. PESCI, v. BUDZ, LLC, LLC,, 935 F.3d 1159 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Selsky , 391 F.3d 106, 115-16 (2d Cir. 2004) ; Kikumura v. . . .

PANAH, v. CHAPPELL,, 935 F.3d 657 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 806, 111 S.Ct. 2590, 115 L.Ed.2d 706 (1991), here there is no reasoned state . . .

UNITED STATES v. WILLIAMS, Sr., 934 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506, 512-14, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995). . . .

SEMPLE, a a k a a v. GRISWOLD, Be USA A., 934 F.3d 1134 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 115-16. . . . Ohio Elections Comm'n, 514 U.S. 334, 344-45, 115 S.Ct. 1511, 131 L.Ed.2d 426 (1995) (applying strict . . .

ANDERSON, AS TRUSTEE FOR NEXT- OF- KIN OF ANDERSON v. CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS Dr. M. D. HCMC D. J. A. F. HCMC M. D. s J. L. L. T. D. M. T., 934 F.3d 876 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Baer , 28 F.3d 895, 902 (8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied , 513 U.S. 1084, 115 S.Ct. 739, 130 L.Ed.2d 641 . . .

STONE, v. TROY CONSTRUCTION, LLC, 935 F.3d 141 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Richland Shoe Co. , 486 U.S. 128, 108 S.Ct. 1677, 100 L.Ed.2d 115 (1988), the Supreme Court addressed . . .

WOLFINGTON, v. RECONSTRUCTIVE ORTHOPAEDIC ASSOCIATES II PC, a k a, 935 F.3d 187 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Edwards , 514 U.S. 300, 313, 115 S.Ct. 1493, 131 L.Ed.2d 403 (1995). Revell v. . . .

COLE v. CARSON, v., 935 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Jones , 515 U.S. 304, 313-14, 115 S.Ct. 2151, 132 L.Ed.2d 238 (1995) ; Kinney v. . . . Jones , 515 U.S. 304, 319, 115 S.Ct. 2151, 132 L.Ed.2d 238 (1995). . . .

BACA v. COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE, G. T. L. M., 935 F.3d 887 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 804, 115 S.Ct. 1842. . . . Term Limits , 514 U.S. at 805, 115 S.Ct. 1842. . . . Term Limits , 514 U.S. at 783, 115 S.Ct. 1842 (quoting Powell v. . . . Term Limits , 514 U.S. at 835, 115 S.Ct. 1842. . . . Term Limits , 514 U.S. at 799, 115 S.Ct. 1842 (Article I). . . .

NORTH PENSION FUND v. NUTRITION MANAGEMENT SERVICES COMPANY,, 935 F.3d 93 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Geoghegan , 403 F.2d 110, 115 (2d Cir. 1968) ("Section 302 [of the Labor Management Relations Act] .. . . .

BURKE, v. REGALADO, v., 935 F.3d 960 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Delo , 115 F.3d 1388, 1396-97 (8th Cir. 1997) (upholding punitive damages award against prison superintendent . . .

BOWLES, v. DESANTIS,, 934 F.3d 1230 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 752, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991) ("There is no constitutional right . . .

GUPTA, v. MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY, LLC,, 934 F.3d 705 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hotchkiss , 231 U.S. 50, 34 S.Ct. 20, 58 L.Ed. 115 (1913). . . .

TURCO v. CITY OF ENGLEWOOD, NEW JERSEY,, 935 F.3d 155 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Ohio Elections Comm'n , 514 U.S. 334, 347, 115 S.Ct. 1511, 131 L.Ed.2d 426 (1995) ). . . . Id. at 489, 134 S.Ct. 2518 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting McIntyre , 514 U.S. at 347, 115 . . .

BENTLEY, v. AUTOZONERS, LLC, LLC,, 935 F.3d 76 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Hofstra Univ ., 708 F.3d 115, 124 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

UNITED STATES v. CANO,, 934 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Whitley , 514 U.S. 419, 437, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) (describing how the "individual prosecutor . . . information held by subordinates such as investigating police officers, see Kyles , 514 U.S. at 438, 115 . . . Id. ; see also Kyles , 514 U.S. at 437, 115 S.Ct. 1555 ("We have never held that the Constitution demands . . .

UNITED STATES v. TURNER,, 934 F.3d 794 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 435, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 115 L.Ed.2d 389 (1991) ). . . .

AMAZON. COM, INC. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,, 934 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . BethEnergy Mines, Inc. , 501 U.S. 680, 707, 111 S.Ct. 2524, 115 L.Ed.2d 604 (1991) (Scalia, J., dissenting . . . L. 115-97, § 14221(a), 131 Stat. 2054, 2218 (2017). . . . L. 115-97, § 14221(a), 131 Stat. 2054, 2218 (2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BROWN,, 935 F.3d 43 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . No. 115-391, § 403(a), 132 Stat. 5194, 5221-22. . . .

A. VAN BUSKIRK A. v. UNITED GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. DCG LLC, DCG UGOC II, LLC, J. F. MCM LLC, LLC, F. F. W. Jr., 935 F.3d 49 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . DiSapio , 540 F.3d 115, 121-22 (2d Cir. 2008). . . .

MENAKER, v. HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY,, 935 F.3d 20 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Henderson , 115 F. . . . Hofstra Univ. , 708 F.3d 115, 124 (2d Cir. 2013). Id. Holcomb , 521 F.3d at 143. . . .

UNITED STATES v. NORMAN,, 935 F.3d 232 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Shabani , 513 U.S. 10, 11, 115 S.Ct. 382, 130 L.Ed.2d 225 (1994). . . .

UNITED STATES v. GLENN,, 935 F.3d 313 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Whitley , 514 U.S. 419, 435, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. CLARK,, 935 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Whitley , 514 U.S. 419, 433-34, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995), quoting United States v. . . . (If not for the enhancement, Clark would have had an advisory guideline range of 92 to 115 months.) . . .

PIZZUTO, Jr. v. BLADES,, 933 F.3d 1166 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nunnemaker , 501 U.S. 797, 803-04, 111 S.Ct. 2590, 115 L.Ed.2d 706 (1991) ; Hibbler v. . . .

DOCTOR S ASSOCIATES, INC. v. ALEMAYEHU,, 934 F.3d 245 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944-45, 115 S.Ct. 1920, 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995). . . . Id. at 944, 115 S.Ct. 1920. . . .

MAMMANA, v. FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, 934 F.3d 368 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Seiter , 501 U.S. 294, 297, 111 S.Ct. 2321, 115 L.Ed.2d 271 (1991) (citing Estelle v. . . .

YOUKHANNA v. CITY OF STERLING HEIGHTS C., 934 F.3d 508 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia , 515 U.S. 819, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995 . . . Id. at 829-30, 115 S.Ct. 2510 (internal citations omitted). . . . Id. at 829, 115 S.Ct. 2510 (quoting Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educ. . . . to search his bag while on a bus that he did not want to exit. 501 U.S. 429, 434-36, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 115 . . .

ARCHER AND WHITE SALES, INCORPORATED, v. HENRY SCHEIN, INCORPORATED L. L. C. L. L. C., 935 F.3d 274 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Kaplan , 514 U.S. 938, 944, 115 S.Ct. 1920, 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995) ). . . . Id. at 530 (quoting First Options , 514 U.S. at 944, 115 S.Ct. 1920 ). . . . First Options , 514 U.S. at 944, 115 S.Ct. 1920 (internal citation and alterations omitted). . . . (quoting First Options , 514 U.S. at 944, 115 S.Ct. 1920 ). See, e.g. , Moses H. . . .

ESTATE OF ROMAIN, v. CITY OF GROSSE POINTE FARMS A. J., 935 F.3d 485 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Harker Heights , 503 U.S. 115, 125, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992) ). . . .

J. MALOUF, v. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION,, 933 F.3d 1248 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Commissioner of Internal Revenue , 501 U.S. 868, 111 S.Ct. 2631, 115 L.Ed.2d 764 (1991). . . . SEC , 329 U.S. 90, 115, 67 S.Ct. 133, 91 L.Ed. 103 (1946) ). . . .

GREYER, v. ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, v., 933 F.3d 871 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44, 111 S.Ct. 2123, 115 L.Ed.2d 27 (1991) ). . . .

EFFEX CAPITAL, LLC, v. NATIONAL FUTURES ASSOCIATION,, 933 F.3d 882 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Myrick , 514 U.S. 280, 287-89, 115 S.Ct. 1483, 131 L.Ed.2d 385 (1995), the Supreme Court clarified its . . .

KELSAY, v. ERNST,, 933 F.3d 975 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Jones , 515 U.S. 304, 313, 115 S.Ct. 2151, 132 L.Ed.2d 238 (1995). . . .

J. BAUWENS, v. REVCON TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC., 935 F.3d 534 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Corp. , 900 F.2d 112, 115 (7th Cir. 1990) (emphasis added). . . .

M. RODEN, v. COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 548 (S.D. Ohio 2019)

. . . Sullivan , 501 U.S. 89, 100, 111 S.Ct. 2157, 115 L.Ed.2d 78 (1991). . . .

HARDEMAN, v. CURRAN,, 933 F.3d 816 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Seiter , 501 U.S. 294, 304, 111 S.Ct. 2321, 115 L.Ed.2d 271 (1991) ). That is the case here. . . .

NAUMOVSKI, v. NORRIS, 934 F.3d 200 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Raspardo , 770 F.3d at 115 (emphasis in original); see also Littlejohn v. . . . Dep't of Prob. , 115 F.3d 1068, 1071 (2d Cir. 1996) (observing that "[t]he Supreme Court has made it . . . Hofstra Univ. , 708 F.3d 115, 124 (2d Cir. 2013). Cox v. Onondaga Cty. . . .

BASTARDO- VALE, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES, 934 F.3d 255 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . I.N.S. , 514 U.S. 386, 397, 115 S.Ct. 1537, 131 L.Ed.2d 465 (1995). . . . Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991) (noting that stare decisis "promotes . . .

CLARK, v. WARDEN,, 934 F.3d 483 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nunnemaker , 501 U.S. 797, 803, 111 S.Ct. 2590, 115 L.Ed.2d 706 (1991) ("[W]here, as here, the last reasoned . . . Whitley , 514 U.S. 419, 434, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) ). . . . Kyles , 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. 1555 (quoting United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. NG LAP SENG, Ng, Ng W. C., 934 F.3d 110 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 501 U.S. 129, 136, 111 S.Ct. 2182, 115 L.Ed.2d 123 (1991) ("An inference drawn from congressional . . . Ashcroft , 501 U.S. 452, 111 S.Ct. 2395, 115 L.Ed.2d 410 (1991), which holds that Congress must speak . . .

IN RE FIFTH AVENUE AND RELATED PROPERTIES, 934 F.3d 147 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Evans , 514 U.S. 1, 10, 115 S.Ct. 1185, 131 L.Ed.2d 34 (1995) ). . . .

REYES, v. FISCHER, J. X., 934 F.3d 97 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Conner , 515 U.S. 472, 484, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. M. SWARTZ,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 199 (N.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Nos. 103, 108, 111, 113, 115. . . .

IN RE APPROXIMATELY BILLS OF US CURRENCY, ID. PR- AC, 392 F. Supp. 3d 279 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . IN RE: APPROXIMATELY 245 BILLS OF US CURRENCY, ($4,291.00), and One (1) 25ft Caribe with two 115 engines . . . following property: (1) 245 bills of US currency in the amount of $4,291.00; (2) a Caribe vessel with two 115 . . .

MOGARD, v. CITY OF MILBANK,, 932 F.3d 1184 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Chambers County Comm'n , 514 U.S. 35, 51, 115 S.Ct. 1203, 131 L.Ed.2d 60 (1995). . . .

BAKALIAN v. CENTRAL BANK OF REPUBLIC OF TURKEY T. C. v. T. C. v. T. C. v. T. C., 932 F.3d 1229 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lewis , 45 Cal.App.2d 718, 115 P.2d 218, 221 (1941) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. C. HODGE, 933 F.3d 468 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995). . . .

UNITED STATES v. HEGWOOD,, 934 F.3d 414 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, 5194-249 (2018). . . .

BRENDA L. v. SAUL,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 858 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . . #21, at 7 & 8 (citing R. 115-16) ]. But, of course, that's not evidence. Renard v. . . .

EVANS, v. GRIFFIN,, 932 F.3d 1043 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . NASCO, Inc. , 501 U.S. 32, 111 S.Ct. 2123, 115 L.Ed.2d 27 (1991) ). . . .

KELLY, v. HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL, INC., 933 F.3d 173 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . NLRB , 501 U.S. 190, 207, 111 S.Ct. 2215, 115 L.Ed.2d 177 (1991). . . .