The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XVII
MILITARY AFFAIRS AND RELATED MATTERS

Chapter 251
FLORIDA STATE GUARD ACT

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CHAPTER 251

FLORIDA STATE GUARD ACT

251.001 Florida State Guard Act.

251.001 Florida State Guard Act.—

(1) SHORT TITLE AND SCOPE.—This chapter may be cited as the “Florida State Guard Act.” This chapter shall be supplemental to provisions relating to the organized militia in chapter 250 other than the Florida National Guard.

(2) CREATION AND AUTHORIZATION.—The Florida State Guard is created to protect and defend the people of Florida from all threats to public safety and to augment all existing state and local agencies. The Florida State Guard is created as authorized under federal law for use exclusively within the state, activated only by the Governor, and is at all times under the final command and control of the Governor as commander in chief of all military and guard forces of the state. The Florida State Guard shall be used exclusively within the state, or to provide support to other states, for the purposes stated in this section and may not be called, ordered, or drafted into the armed forces of the United States. The authorized maximum number of volunteer personnel that may be commissioned, enrolled, or employed as members of the Florida State Guard is 1,500.

(3) DIVISION OF THE STATE GUARD.—The Division of the State Guard is created within the Department of Military Affairs and shall be headed by a director who shall be appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the Governor, subject to confirmation by the Senate. The director must have served at least 5 years as a servicemember of the United States Armed Forces, United States Reserve Forces, or Florida National Guard. The division shall be a separate budget entity, and the director shall be its agency head for all purposes. The Department of Military Affairs shall provide administrative support and service to the division to the extent requested by the director. The division shall not be subject to control, supervision, or direction by the Department of Military Affairs in any manner, including, but not limited to, personnel, purchasing, transactions involving real or personal property, and budgetary matters. The division is responsible for the organization, recruitment, training, equipping, management, and functions of the Florida State Guard. The director may establish a command, operational, and administrative services structure to assist, manage, and support the Florida State Guard in operating the program and delivering services.

(4) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section:

(a) The terms “active duty,” “armed forces,” and “National Guard” have the same meanings as in s. 250.01.

(b) The term “department” means the Department of Military Affairs.

(d) The term “division” means the Division of the State Guard within the Department of Military Affairs.

(5) PERSONNEL.—

(a) Subject to approval by the Governor, the director shall determine the number of volunteer personnel necessary to meet the staffing and operational requirements of the Florida State Guard, and determine the volunteer structure and number of volunteer personnel within each component unit of such structure.

(b) The Governor shall commission all volunteer personnel of the Florida State Guard.

1. The applicant must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of the state.

2. The applicant may not have a felony conviction. Each applicant shall submit a complete set of fingerprints and all information required by state and federal law to process fingerprints for purposes of conducting a criminal background check.

3. The applicant may not be an active duty servicemember, a member of the armed forces reserves, or a member of the Florida National Guard.

4. If the applicant is a former member of the armed forces or of any military or naval organization of this state or another state, the applicant must have been separated under terms no less than a general discharge under honorable conditions.

(d) The director shall establish minimum standards for the age, physical and health condition, and physical fitness of applicants based upon the component unit of the Florida State Guard structure in which the applicant is being considered for placement. However, an applicant being considered for placement in a component unit that serves in an active duty capacity within the Florida State Guard must be subject to standards that are no less than the standards required for recruitment, enrollment, and retention in the Florida National Guard.

(e) The director shall develop and implement a code of regulations for the administration and discipline of members of the Florida State Guard that shall provide no less protection and impose no more severe sanctions than as provided in s. 250.35, except that the director shall not have authority to impose any term of incarceration.

(6) SPECIALIZED UNIT.—The director shall organize a specialized unit within the Florida State Guard. All members of the specialized unit are vested with the authority to bear arms, detect, and apprehend while activated. In addition to the requirements set forth in paragraph (5)(c), only those members of the specialized unit who meet the requirements in s. 943.13 and are certified as law enforcement officers as defined in s. 943.10(1) are authorized to have the same law enforcement authority as the law enforcement agency in conjunction with which they are working when activated.

(7) TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT.—The director shall develop and implement a program for training for members of the Florida State Guard.

(a) All training programs for the Florida State Guard shall be at least equivalent to the training requirements for members of the Florida National Guard under applicable federal law at the time the training is conducted. As required by the director, all members of the Florida State Guard shall complete initial training within 180 days after their appointment or enrollment and periodic ongoing training.

(b) The director may provide for staff to prepare and conduct training required in this section. The staff may include members of the Florida National Guard whose duty assignments may include conducting training under this section but who may not be considered members of the Florida State Guard.

(c) The division shall provide all equipment necessary for the training and service of members of the Florida State Guard and shall arrange and contract for the use of sufficient and adequate facilities for training, organizing, and all other purposes of the Florida State Guard. Section 250.44 applies to the allocation, delegation, use of, and accounting for all equipment furnished under this section.

(8) ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION OF THE FLORIDA STATE GUARD.—

(a) The Florida State Guard, by component units or in total, may be activated by order of the Governor:

1. During any period when any part of the Florida National Guard is in active federal service and the Governor has declared a state of emergency;

2. To preserve the public peace, execute the laws of the state, enhance domestic security, respond to terrorist threats or attacks, protect and defend the people of Florida from threats to public safety, respond to an emergency as defined in s. 252.34 or imminent danger thereof, or respond to any need for emergency aid to civil authorities as specified in s. 252.38;

3. To augment any existing state or local agency; or

4. To provide support to other states under the Emergency Management Assistance Compact as provided for in part III of chapter 252.

(b) The Florida State Guard shall be deactivated by the expiration of the order of activation or by a separate order by the Governor deactivating the Florida State Guard.

(9) REIMBURSEMENT AND COMPENSATION.—

(a) The division shall reimburse members of the Florida State Guard for per diem and travel expenses incurred to attend required training or in the course of active service as provided in s. 112.061.

(b) Members of the Florida State Guard may be compensated for time spent training or in the course of active service at rates established by the director, subject to appropriation.

(c) A member of the Florida State Guard may not make any purchase or enter into any contract or agreement for purchases or services as a charge against the state without the authority of the director.

(10) EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION, SUSPENSION OF PROCEEDINGS, LIABILITY, AND WORKERS’ COMPENSATION.—

(a) The protections for members of the Florida National Guard provided in ss. 250.48-250.483 and 250.5201-250.5205 apply to each member of the Florida State Guard engaged in required training or active service.

(b) Members of the Florida State Guard ordered into active service or engaged in required training are not liable for any lawful act done in performance of their duties under this section while acting in good faith within the scope of those duties.

(c) While activated or in training, members of the Florida State Guard are considered volunteers for the state, as defined in s. 440.02(18)(d)6., and are entitled to workers’ compensation protections pursuant to chapter 440.

(11) RULEMAKING AUTHORITY.—The director, as head of the division, shall adopt rules to implement this section.

History.—s. 80, ch. 2022-157; s. 55, ch. 2023-8; s. 3, ch. 2023-167.

F.S. 251 on Google Scholar

F.S. 251 on Casetext

Amendments to 251

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 251

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S369.251 1 - CONSERVATION-ENVIRONMENT - SELL POSSESS GROW UNLAWFUL PLANTS WO PERMIT - M: S

S634.251 - FRAUD - APPLICATION FOR LICENSE RE VEHICLE WARRANTY - M: S

S849.251 1 - GAMBLING - GAMBLING LIVE DOG RACE - M: F

S849.251 1 - GAMBLING - GAMBLING LIVE DOG RACE 2ND SUBSQ VIOL - F: T

S849.251 2 - GAMBLING - AID ABET GAMBLING DOG RACE - M: F

S849.251 2 - GAMBLING - AID ABET GAMBLING DOG RACE 2ND SUBSQ VIOL - F: T

Civil Citations / Citable Offenses under S251

R or S next to points is Mandatory Revocation or Suspension

S316.251 BUMPER LAW (Every vehicle of not more than 5,000 lbs. shipping weight shall be equipped as indicated) (New motor vehicles s.319.001(9), antique automobiles s.320.08, horseless carriages s.320.086, street rods s.320.0863 are excluded from requirement) CARS - Less than 2,500 lbs. 22" front & rear 2,500 - 3,500 lbs. 24" front & 26" rear 3,500 or more lbs. 27" front 29" rear TRUCKS - Under 2,000 lbs. 24" front & 26" rear 2,000 - 3,000 lbs. 27" front 29" rear 3,000 - 5,000 lbs. 28" front & 30" rear - Points on Drivers License: 3

S316.251 (1) Maximum bumper heights/None (Bumper Law) - Points on Drivers License: 3

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

ESPINOZA, v. MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,, 140 S. Ct. 2246 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Allen , 392 U.S. 236, 251, 88 S.Ct. 1923, 20 L.Ed.2d 1060 (1968) (dissenting opinion). . . .

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, v. BOOKING. COM B. V., 140 S. Ct. 2298 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Landry's Seafood Restaurant, Inc. , 240 F.3d 251, 254-255 (CA4 2001) ; A. J. Canfield Co. v. . . .

SEILA LAW LLC, v. CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU, 140 S. Ct. 2183 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See Act of Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251. . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. THURAISSIGIAM, 140 S. Ct. 1959 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . § 251(2) (transferring authority over "[t]he detention and removal program" to the Department). . . .

C. LIU, v. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 140 S. Ct. 1936 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Mullinix , 159 Ark. 310, 251 S.W. 871 (1923), the Supreme Court of Arkansas affirmed the imposition of . . . property which was itself beyond the reach of creditors, and to compel its disgorgement," id., at 316-317, 251 . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 1891 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Walker , 533 U.S. 167, 174, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001). . . . Walker , 533 U.S. 167, 174, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001). . . .

BOSTOCK, v. CLAYTON COUNTY, GEORGIA v. Jr. Co- R. G. G. R. v., 140 S. Ct. 1731 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Reed , 404 U.S. 71, 75-77, 92 S.Ct. 251, 30 L.Ed.2d 225 (1971). . . . See Price Waterhouse , 490 U.S. at 251, 109 S.Ct. 1775. . . . Id. , at 251, 109 S.Ct. 1775. . . .

ROGERS, v. GREWAL,, 140 S. Ct. 1865 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id. , at 251. And, in State v. . . .

FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, v. AURELIUS INVESTMENT, LLC, LLC, III v. LLC, v. LLC, n De De La El Y v., 140 S. Ct. 1649 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See, e.g. , The Federalist No. 39, at 251 (J. . . .

BANISTER, v. DAVIS,, 140 S. Ct. 1698 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Seamans , 401 U.S. 487, 489-491, and n. 4, 91 S.Ct. 995, 28 L.Ed.2d 251 (1971). . . . GE Life and Annuity Assurance Co. , 383 F.3d 249, 251 (CA5 2004) ; Jones v. UNUM Life Ins. . . .

GEORGIA, v. PUBLIC. RESOURCE. ORG, INC., 140 S. Ct. 1498 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id. , at 249-251, 9 S.Ct. 36. . . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 102, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) (incorporating into the majority the Eighth . . .

BARTON, v. P. BARR,, 140 S. Ct. 1442 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Walker , 533 U.S. 167, 174, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001) (quoting United States v. . . .

ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY, v. A. CHRISTIAN,, 140 S. Ct. 1335 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Minton , 568 U.S. 251, 258, 133 S.Ct. 1059, 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

GUERRERO- LASPRILLA, v. P. BARR, v. P., 140 S. Ct. 1062 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Holder , 558 U.S. 233, 251, 130 S.Ct. 827, 175 L.Ed.2d 694 (2010). . . . Kucana , 558 U.S. at 251, 130 S.Ct. 827 (quoting Gutierrez de Martinez v. . . . Kucana , 558 U.S. at 251, 130 S.Ct. 827. And we see no reason to make an exception here. . . . Holder , 558 U.S. 233, 251, 130 S.Ct. 827, 175 L.Ed.2d 694 (2010). . . .

INTEL CORPORATION INVESTMENT POLICY COMMITTEE, v. M. SULYMA, 140 S. Ct. 768 (U.S. 2020)

. . . 2550.404a-5 ; see also App. 242-243 (retirement contribution plan annual disclosure); id ., at 250-251 . . . Co. , 560 U.S. 242, 251, 130 S.Ct. 2149, 176 L.Ed.2d 998 (2010). . . .

AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY FOUNDATION, v. BECERRA,, 140 S. Ct. 1102 (U.S. 2020)

. . . No. 19-251 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

C. ROTKISKE, v. KLEMM,, 140 S. Ct. 355 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Co. , 560 U.S. 242, 251, 130 S.Ct. 2149, 176 L.Ed.2d 998 (2010). . . . United States , 270 U.S. 245, 251, 46 S.Ct. 248, 70 L.Ed. 566 (1926) ). . . .

THOMPSON, v. HEBDON,, 140 S. Ct. 348 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Id. , at 251, 126 S.Ct. 2479 (citing Nixon v. . . .

ELHADY, v. H. KABLE,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 562 (E.D. Va. 2019)

. . . Dep't of State , 251 F.3d 192 (D.C. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FITZGERALD,, 935 F.3d 814 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . State , 127 Nev. 234, 251 P.3d 177, 180 (2011) (holding that the act of spitting on another is a battery . . . State , 127 Nev. 234, 251 P.3d 177, 179 (2011). . . .

EDMO, v. CORIZON, INC. Al v. Al, 935 F.3d 757 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 102, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) (quotation omitted). . . .

J. GENZER, v. JAMES RIVER INSURANCE COMPANY,, 934 F.3d 1156 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . J.A. at 249, 251. . . .

SCRIMO, v. LEE,, 935 F.3d 103 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Beam, 57 N.Y.2d 241, 251, 455 N.Y.S.2d 575, 441 N.E.2d 1093 (1982). . . .

WOLFINGTON, v. RECONSTRUCTIVE ORTHOPAEDIC ASSOCIATES II PC, a k a, 935 F.3d 187 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 251 (majority opinion) (alteration in original) (quoting Barefoot Architect, Inc. v. . . .

BURKE, v. REGALADO, v., 935 F.3d 960 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) ; Lopez v. . . . Albers , 475 U.S. 312, 319, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986) (holding Eighth Amendment liability . . .

A. VAN BUSKIRK A. v. UNITED GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. DCG LLC, DCG UGOC II, LLC, J. F. MCM LLC, LLC, F. F. W. Jr., 935 F.3d 49 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . SCS Commc'ns, Inc. , 251 F.3d 315, 322 (2d Cir. 2001). . . .

MENAKER, v. HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY,, 935 F.3d 20 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Yale Univ. , 270 Conn. 244, 251, 851 A.2d 1165 (2004) (concluding that "the trial court properly determined . . .

UNITED STATES v. PAWLAK,, 935 F.3d 337 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Free Speech Coal. , 535 U.S. 234, 251-58, 122 S.Ct. 1389, 152 L.Ed.2d 403 (2002). . . .

GOLDEN v. NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY v., 934 F.3d 302 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Kjaer , 836 F.3d 251, 260 (3d Cir. 2016). . . .

MAMMANA, v. FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, 934 F.3d 368 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) ). Id. at 300, 111 S.Ct. 2321. . . . Albers , 475 U.S. 312, 320, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986) ). Farmer v. . . .

YOUKHANNA v. CITY OF STERLING HEIGHTS C., 934 F.3d 508 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Salmon , 802 F.3d at 251. . . .

UNITED STATES v. BLAIR,, 933 F.3d 1271 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . VI at 251. . . .

LATURNER, v. UNITED STATES,, 933 F.3d 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . See J.A. 251 (Kansas); J.A. 1244 (Arkansas). These bonds were not in the States' possession. . . .

UNITED STATES v. NG LAP SENG, Ng, Ng W. C., 934 F.3d 110 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Garavito-Garcia , 827 F.3d 242, 251 & n.58 (2d Cir. 2016) (rejecting double jeopardy challenge and noting . . .

AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION, N. A. v. UNITED STATES,, 932 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . No. 63-43, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251 (1913), established a system to oversee banking operations and promote . . . Governors, see id ., §§ 10-11, 38 Stat. 260-63, and twelve regional Reserve Banks, see id . § 2, 38 Stat. 251 . . . Compare § 7, 38 Stat. 258, with § 2, 38 Stat. 251-52, and § 5, 38 Stat. 257-58. . . .

CONSTANCE S. v. SAUL,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 583 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Colvin , 845 F.3d 247, 251 (7th Cir. 2016). . . .

CHAVEZ, De E. De De De v. OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, a, 933 F.3d 186 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Dole Food Co. , 251 F.3d 795, 808-09 (9th Cir. 2001). . . .

KORTRIGHT CAPITAL PARTNERS LP, TY v. INVESTCORP INVESTMENT ADVISERS LIMITED,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 382 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 251, 256 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (explaining that "district courts are given 'broad discretion' in determining . . .

C. S. MCCROSSAN INC. v. FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, 932 F.3d 1142 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 214 Minn. 251, 8 N.W.2d 28, 32 (Minn. 1943) ("[A corporation] must act through or by means of human . . .

UNITED STATES v. THOMAS,, 933 F.3d 605 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Robinson , 813 F.3d 251, 263 (6th Cir. 2016). . . .

C. CORDARO, v. UNITED STATES, 933 F.3d 232 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 251. . . .

UNITED STATES v. D. RIVERA- CARRASQUILLO, a k a KX, a k a a k a a k a n V a k a, 933 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Paniagua-Ramos, 251 F.3d 242, 246 (1st Cir. 2001). . . .

VIRNETX INC. v. APPLE INC., 931 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . . & Co. , 240 U.S. 251, 257, 36 S.Ct. 269, 60 L.Ed. 629 (1916) ); see also Major League Baseball Players . . . Wolf Bros. & Co. , 240 U.S. 251, 257, 36 S.Ct. 269, 60 L.Ed. 629 (1916) )). In Reece v. . . .

UNITED STATES, v. GAUDET,, 933 F.3d 11 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Acevedo, 882 F.3d 251, 258 (1st Cir. 2018) ). . . .

D. LISLE, Jr. v. WELBORN,, 933 F.3d 705 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) ; Petties v. . . . Van Bebber , 251 F.3d 869, 881 (10th Cir. 2001) ("salient fact is that Congress simply did not choose . . .

A. P. a BY E. F. v. LOWER MERION SCHOOL DISTRICT, 389 F. Supp. 3d 322 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Tr. 27:23-25, 29:16-18, 24-25 - 30:1-13, 250:25 - 251:1-4, 14-17. . . . Tr. 241:22-25 - 242:1-5, 250:25 - 251:1-4, 9-20, 262:3-23; FOF ¶¶ g., i., j. . . .

FLORES, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 353 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Morgan Chase & Co., 251 F. Supp. 3d 626, 630 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (quotation marks omitted). . . .

PAEZ, v. SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,, 931 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Paez initiated his § 2254 petition by completing the standard form habeas petition (Form AO 251 (Rev. . . .

FORCE, A. H. H. F. A. L. F. N. E. F, N. S. F. S. R. F. A. H. H. F. A. L. F. N. E. F. N. S. F. S. R. F. A. H. H. F. A. L. F. N. E. F, N. S. F. S. R. F. TZVI S. S. R. M. M. R. R. M. R. S. Z. R. S. S. R. M. M. R. R. M. R. S. Z. R. S. S. R. M. M. R. R. M. R. S. Z. R. v. FACEBOOK, INC., 934 F.3d 53 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 251 ¶ 132. . . .

J. GILLIAM, C. Ad v. SEALEY, E. C. T. A. Sr. C. T. A. WTVD LLC J. C. Ad v. C. T. A. E. C. T. A. Sr. WTVD LLC, 932 F.3d 216 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Munday , 848 F.3d 248, 251 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Iko v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. ANDERSON, 932 F.3d 344 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ruiz , 987 F.2d 243, 251 (5th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). . . .

M. REAVES, v. DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION, O MHM, 392 F. Supp. 3d 195 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 103, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) ). . . .

JOHNSON O v. DUXBURY, MASSACHUSETTS, 931 F.3d 102 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Van Leeuwen, 397 U.S. 249, 251-52, 90 S.Ct. 1029, 25 L.Ed.2d 282 (1970) ; Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727 . . .

MCCOTTRELL S. v. WHITE, 933 F.3d 651 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Albers requires. 475 U.S. 312, 320, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986). . . . Albers , 475 U.S. 312, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986), in determining the officers' intent, and . . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) ). . . . Albers , 475 U.S. 312, 320-21, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986), the Supreme Court set this as the . . .

AL- BALUCHI a k a v. T. ESPER,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 46 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 318, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. GLENN,, 931 F.3d 424 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Murray , 648 F.3d 251, 257 (5th Cir. 2011). . . .

S. WILSON, v. WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC., 932 F.3d 513 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 105, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). A. . . .

DEXTER, a k a v. DEALOGIC, LLC,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 233 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 251, 256 (D. Mass. 2015) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(3) ). . . .

WEST, v. CITY OF CALDWELL, 931 F.3d 978 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 251-52, 111 S.Ct. 1801. That is the phrase on which the dissent hangs its hat. . . . Jimeno , 500 U.S. 248, 251, 111 S.Ct. 1801, 114 L.Ed.2d 297 (1991). . . . Jimeno , 500 U.S. at 251, 111 S.Ct. 1801. . . . See Jimeno , 500 U.S. at 251, 111 S.Ct. 1801. . . . Id. at 251-52, 111 S.Ct. 1801. . . .

UNITED STATES v. MUSCHETTE, 392 F. Supp. 3d 282 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Senkowski , 135 F.3d 235, 251 (2d Cir. 1998) ("When a witness's credibility has already been substantially . . .

DAWSON- MURDOCK, v. NATIONAL COUNSELING GROUP, INC., 931 F.3d 269 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hewitt Assocs. , 508 U.S. 248, 251, 113 S.Ct. 2063, 124 L.Ed.2d 161 (1993) ; Custer v. . . . See Mertens , 508 U.S. at 251, 113 S.Ct. 2063 (internal quotation marks omitted). . . . a ruling would create conflicts with controlling Supreme Court precedent, see Mertens , 508 U.S. at 251 . . .

KOALA, v. KHOSLA,, 931 F.3d 887 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . that the Media Act was passed for the express purpose of silencing a newspaper, Grosjean , 297 U.S. at 251 . . .

KHRAPUNOV, v. PROSYANKIN, 931 F.3d 922 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 251 F.3d 120, 125-26 (2d Cir. 2001) ; Euromepa, S.A. v. R. . . .

KELLER, v. FLEMING,, 930 F.3d 746 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103-04, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976), involuntarily committed mental patients . . .

OBASI INVESTMENT LTD Wu v. TIBET PHARMACEUTICALS, INC Yu Z. L. III Co. L. L. P. L. III,, 931 F.3d 179 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 251 U.S. 393, 395, 40 S.Ct. 185, 64 L.Ed. 322 (1920) )). . . .

DIAZ- QUIRAZCO, v. P. BARR,, 931 F.3d 830 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hauskins , 251 Or.App. 34, 281 P.3d 669, 673 (2012) ("[A]though punitive contempt is not a 'crime' .. . . .

UNITED STATES v. MYERS,, 930 F.3d 1113 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Tanh Huu Lam , 251 F.3d 852, 855 (9th Cir. 2001). . . . 481, 483 (9th Cir. 1993) (citing Barker , 407 U.S. at 529, 92 S.Ct. 2182 ); see also Tanh Huu Lam , 251 . . .

ACE AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, a v. WATTLES COMPANY, a, 930 F.3d 1240 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Co., 251 Ga. 556, 307 S.E.2d 499, 500 (1983) (finding that the "critical phrase" in automobile liability . . .

CABRERA, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 627 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . state offense relied on to initiate the proceedings did not qualify as a crime of violence. 416 F.3d at 251 . . .

WONGUS, v. CORRECTIONAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM CERT CERT s, 389 F. Supp. 3d 294 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Pote Concrete Contractors, Inc., 482 F.3d 247, 251 (3d Cir. 2007). . . .

ASSOCIATION FOR COMMUNITY AFFILIATED PLANS, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 22 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Thompson, 251 F.3d 219, 224 (D.C. . . .

E. HORSEY, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE,, 387 F. Supp. 3d 97 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Weingarten, Inc. , 420 U.S. 251, 95 S.Ct. 959, 43 L.Ed.2d 171 (1975), in which the Court upheld the National . . . Supp. 3d at 270-71 n.5 (citing Weingarten , 420 U.S. at 251, 95 S.Ct. 959 ). . . .

EBBE, v. CONCORDE INVESTMENT SERVICES, LLC G. M. a k a M., 392 F. Supp. 3d 228 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . SEC, 693 F.3d 251, 256-57 (1st Cir. 2012). Ebbe did not know about these penalties until late 2016. . . .

G. a a G. v. FAY SCHOOL,, 931 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

GIBSON, Ca v. SCE GROUP, INC. d b a d b a s,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Bakeries Co. , 693 F.2d 251, 259 (2d Cir. 1982). . . .

G. BROWN, v. SERENITY C C, INC., 391 F. Supp. 3d 546 (E.D. Va. 2019)

. . . Kimberly-Clark Corp., 756 F.3d 307, 310 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 251-52, 106 . . . McAirlaids, Inc., 756 F.3d at 310 (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505 ). . . .

MANNING v. CALDWELL, s FOR CITY OF ROANOKE s, 930 F.3d 264 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . . & Power Co. , 438 F.2d 248, 251 (4th Cir. 1971) (second emphasis added); see also Hormel v. . . .

GRAVES, I. Y. M. Y. A. Y. v. A. LIOI L. Jr. I. Y. M. Y. A. Y. v. A. L. Jr., 930 F.3d 307 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Goldsboro , 178 F.3d 231, 251 (4th Cir. 1999). . . .

HENRY, a v. HULETT,, 930 F.3d 836 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Albers , 475 U.S. 312, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986), plaintiffs believe that they could succeed . . . Albers , 475 U.S. 312, 319-20, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986). . . .

GOLAN v. FREEEATS. COM, INC. AIC LLC, R., 930 F.3d 950 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Williams , 251 U.S. 63, 67, 40 S.Ct. 71, 64 L.Ed. 139 (1919). . . . Williams , 251 U.S. at 66, 40 S.Ct. 71. . . . Williams , 251 U.S. at 67, 40 S.Ct. 71. . . . oppressive as to be wholly disproportioned to the offense and obviously unreasonable.' " (quoting Williams , 251 . . .

WESTERN WATERSHEDS PROJECT, v. BERNHARDT,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 1225 (D. Or. 2019)

. . . F.A.A. , 251 F.3d 1178, 1195 (8th Cir. 2001) ("[A]n agency implementing a statute may not ignore ... . . .

COLLINS, v. UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME DU LAC,, 929 F.3d 830 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Cohen , 910 N.E.2d 251, 258 n.6 & 259 n.10 (Ind. . . .

TILIJA, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES, 930 F.3d 165 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Gonzales , 447 F.3d 241, 251 (3d Cir. 2006). . . .

REINALT- THOMAS CORPORATION, d b a v. MAVIS TIRE SUPPLY, LLC,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 1261 (N.D. Ga. 2019)

. . . Landry's Seafood Restaurant, Inc. , 240 F.3d 251 (4th Cir. 2001), on which Mavis relies, rejects the . . .

UNITED STATES v. SAWYER,, 929 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Jimeno , 500 U.S. 248, 251, 111 S.Ct. 1801, 114 L.Ed.2d 297 (1991). . . . See Jimeno , 500 U.S. at 251, 111 S.Ct. 1801. . . .

UNITED STATES v. WILLIAMS,, 930 F.3d 44 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Samet , 466 F.3d 251, 254 (2d Cir. 2006) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIGUEROA- FIGUEROA,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 70 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251, 111 S.Ct. 1801, 114 L.Ed.2d 297 (1991) ; United States v. . . . Gómez, 770 F.2d 251, 254 (1st Cir. 1985) ; United States v. . . .

TOWNES TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC. v. NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 585 (E.D. Va. 2019)

. . . Minton , 568 U.S. 251, 257, 133 S.Ct. 1059, 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013). . . . Minton , 568 U.S. 251, 258, 133 S.Ct. 1059, 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013). . . . Minton , 568 U.S. 251, 258, 133 S.Ct. 1059, 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013). But this is one of those cases. . . . Minton , 568 U.S. 251, 258, 133 S.Ct. 1059, 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013). . . . Minton , 568 U.S. 251, 133 S.Ct. 1059, 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013), refused to extend federal jurisdiction . . .

ST. PAUL PARK REFINING CO. LLC, v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD St. Co. LLC, v., 929 F.3d 610 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . motivated by the protected activity" using the burden-shifting analysis articulated in Wright Line, 251 . . .

CARROZZA, v. CVS PHARMACY, INC. d b a CVS, 391 F. Supp. 3d 136 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Squibb & Sons, Inc. , 40 Cal.3d 672, 221 Cal.Rptr. 447, 710 P.2d 247, 251 (1985). . . .

IN RE FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, In, 392 F. Supp. 3d 244 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . and Counterclaims II and III, and Denying Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket Entry No. 251 . . .

UNITED STATES v. SANTARELLI, No. In No., 929 F.3d 95 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) ). . . .

JOHNSON, v. A. LEONARD, M. DDS,, 929 F.3d 569 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) (citation omitted). . . .

SUNSET HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC. v. DIFRANCESCO, 386 F. Supp. 3d 299 (W.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 246, 251 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (citation omitted). . . . Supp. 2d 251, 258 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) ("Courts often conclude that the suit will not impair or impede an . . .

ALLSCRIPTS HEALTHCARE, LLC, v. DR DECISION RESOURCES, LLC, d b a, 386 F. Supp. 3d 89 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Tureski, 251 F. Supp. 3d 317, 323 (D. Mass. 2017) (citing RoadSafe Traffic Sys., Inc. v. . . .

IN RE CUBIC ENERGY, INC. A. III v., 603 B.R. 743 (Bankr. Del. 2019)

. . . rev'd in part, 2017-1518 (La. 6/27/18), 252 So. 3d 431, reh'g granted in part, 2017-1518 (La. 9/7/18), 251 . . . Tauren Expl., Inc ., 2017-1518 (La. 9/7/18), 251 So. 3d 392, 393. Del. Bankr. 15-12500 D.I. 292. . . .

IN RE FRANTZ,, 602 B.R. 687 (Bankr. E.D. Wis. 2019)

. . . litigation that resulted in a judgment on which the creditor later sought collection. 739 F.2d 249, 251 . . .

E. D. v. SHARKEY BCRC- IFC BCRC- IFC BCRC- IFC, 928 F.3d 299 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Liberty Lobby , 477 U.S. at 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505. . . .

ENGINEERING GROUP, LLC, v. MACK INDUSTRIES OF KALAMAZOO, LLC, f k a, 390 F. Supp. 3d 946 (E.D. Wis. 2019)

. . . Gillette , 251 Wis.2d 561, 641 N.W.2d 662 (2002) ). . . . Gillette , 251 Wis.2d at 577, 641 N.W.2d 662. . . .

BERKSHIRE v. BEAUVAIS,, 928 F.3d 520 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Albers , 475 U.S. 312, 319, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . . Gamble , 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976) ). . . .