The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XXXI
LABOR

Chapter 441
EMPLOYEES TRUST BENEFIT PLANS

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CHAPTER 441

EMPLOYEES TRUST BENEFIT PLANS

441.01 Trust for employees.

441.02 Trust for self-employed individuals and others.

441.01 Trust for employees.—A trust created by an employer as part of a stock bonus plan, pension plan, disability or death benefit plan, or profit sharing plan, for the exclusive benefit of some or all of his or her employees, to which contributions are made by such employer or employees, or both for the purpose of distributing to such employees the earnings or the principal, or both earnings and principal, of the fund so held in trust, shall not be deemed to be invalid as violating any existing law against perpetuities or suspension of the power of alienation of title to property; but such a trust may continue for such time as may be necessary to accomplish the purposes for which it may be created.

History.—s. 1, ch. 29948, 1955; s. 129, ch. 97-103.

441.02 Trust for self-employed individuals and others.—No trust created under a retirement plan for which provision has been made under the laws of the United States exempting such trust from federal income tax shall be deemed to be invalid as violating any existing laws against perpetuities or suspension of the power of alienation of title to property or the accumulation of income; but such a trust may continue for such time as may be necessary to accomplish the purposes for which it may be created, may be permitted to accumulate the income until such time as such income shall become distributable to the beneficiary or beneficiaries under the terms of the trust and may according to its terms be made irrevocable and the interests of its beneficiary or beneficiaries therein may be made nontransferable by assignment or otherwise.

History.—s. 2, ch. 29948, 1955.

F.S. 441 on Google Scholar

F.S. 441 on Casetext

Amendments to 441

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 441

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S648.441 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - UNLAWFULLY FURNISH BLANK BOND FORM SUPPLIES - M: F

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

J. TRUMP, v. MAZARS USA, LLP, J. v. AG,, 140 S. Ct. 2019 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Brown , 381 U.S. 437, 441, 85 S.Ct. 1707, 14 L.Ed.2d 484 (1965). . . .

J. TRUMP, v. R. VANCE, Jr., 140 S. Ct. 2412 (U.S. 2020)

. . . United States , 319 U.S. 441, 445, 63 S.Ct. 1137, 87 L.Ed. 1504 (1943) (footnote omitted). . . . United States , 319 U.S. 441, 447, 63 S.Ct. 1137, 87 L.Ed. 1504 (1943) ("These inspection fees are laid . . . . § 1983 ; Ex parte Young , 209 U.S. 123, 155-156, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908) (holding that federal . . .

OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE SCHOOL, v. MORRISSEY- BERRU St. v., 140 S. Ct. 2049 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Lyght , 441 F.3d 96, 117-118, and n. 13 (C.A.2 2006) (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (cataloging Circuit . . . Lyght , 441 F.3d 96, 117, 118, n. 13 (C.A.2 2006) (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (identifying seven Circuits . . .

LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR SAINTS PETER AND PAUL HOME, v. PENNSYLVANIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 2367 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Brown , 441 U.S. 281, 297-298, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979). . . .

B. CHIAFALO, v. WASHINGTON, 140 S. Ct. 2316 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See In re Guerra , 193 Wash.2d 380, 441 P.3d 807 (2019). . . . See 193 Wash.2d at 393-399, 441 P.3d at 813-816. . . . See id., at 393, 395, 441 P.3d at 813, 814. . . . Id. , at 396, 441 P.3d at 814. . . .

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id ., at 440-441. And University Hospital has long been on notice of Doe 2's abortion practice. . . .

SEILA LAW LLC, v. CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU, 140 S. Ct. 2183 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Act of Mar. 3, 1795, ch. 48, § 4, 1 Stat. 441-442. . . .

C. LIU, v. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 140 S. Ct. 1936 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Clark , 915 F.2d 439, 441, 454 (CA9 1990) (requiring defendant to disgorge the profits that his stockbroker . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 1891 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Brown , 441 U.S. 281, 295, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

ROGERS, v. GREWAL,, 140 S. Ct. 1865 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Stat. at Large 441 (1689). . . .

J. THOLE, v. U. S. BANK N. A, 140 S. Ct. 1615 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See Hughes Aircraft Co. , 525 U.S. at 439-441, 119 S.Ct. 755 ; see also LaRue v. . . .

NEW YORK STATE RIFLE PISTOL ASSOCIATION, INC. v. CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK,, 140 S. Ct. 1525 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Ocasio , 108 Misc.2d 211, 441 N.Y.S.2d 148 (1981). . . .

RAMOS, v. LOUISIANA, 140 S. Ct. 1390 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Louisiana , 441 U.S. 130, 136, and n. 9, 99 S.Ct. 1623, 60 L.Ed.2d 96 (1979) (describing both plurality . . . Louisiana , 441 U.S. 130, 136, 99 S.Ct. 1623, 60 L.Ed.2d 96 (1979) ( Apodaca "conclude[d] that a jury's . . .

K. KAHLER, v. KANSAS, 140 S. Ct. 1021 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Pike , 49 N.H. 399, 441-442 (1870) ; see also Reid, Understanding the New Hampshire Doctrine of Criminal . . .

GUERRERO- LASPRILLA, v. P. BARR, v. P., 140 S. Ct. 1062 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Ashcroft , 351 F.3d 435, 441-442 (CA9 2003) ("[O]ther courts have rejected the Government's argument . . . Agnew , 329 U.S. 441, 444, 67 S.Ct. 411, 91 L.Ed. 408 (1947). . . .

C. HERNANDEZ, v. MESA, Jr., 140 S. Ct. 735 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Moore , 547 U.S. 250, 254, n. 2, 126 S.Ct. 1695, 164 L.Ed.2d 441 (2006). . . .

RITZEN GROUP, INC. v. JACKSON MASONRY, LLC, 140 S. Ct. 582 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See In re Saco Local Development Corp. , 711 F.2d 441, 443 (C.A.1 1983) (Breyer, J.) . . .

C. ROTKISKE, v. KLEMM,, 140 S. Ct. 355 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Id ., at 37, 122 S.Ct. 441 ; see also id ., at 27, 122 S.Ct. 441 (majority opinion) (noting equitable . . . Andrews , 534 U.S. 19, 28-33, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001). . . . Id. , at 37, 122 S.Ct. 441 (Scalia, J., concurring in judgment). . . . See also id. , at 27, 122 S.Ct. 441 (majority opinion). . . . Andrews , 534 U.S. 19, 27, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001). . . . Andrews , 534 U.S. 19, 37, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001) (Scalia, J., concurring in judgment) . . .

IN RE PATTERSON,, 140 S. Ct. 471 (U.S. 2019)

. . . No. 19-441 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FITZGERALD,, 935 F.3d 814 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bridgeforth , 441 F.3d 864, 870 (9th Cir. 2006). . . . Because "a state court's subsequent treatment of a wobbler is controlling," Bridgeforth , 441 F.3d at . . .

IN RE CORPORATE RESOURCE SERVICES, INC. S. v., 603 B.R. 888 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Litig. , 441 F. . . .

PEREZ- SANCHEZ, v. U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,, 935 F.3d 1148 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dec. 441, 447 (BIA 2018). But the Supreme Court foreclosed this argument in Pereira. . . .

ARTHREX, INC. v. SMITH NEPHEW, INC., 935 F.3d 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . In re Kahn , 441 F.3d 977, 985 (Fed. Cir. 2006). . . . Kahn , 441 F.3d at 985. II We next address claim 10. . . .

GALDERMA LABORATORIES L. P. S. A. S. A. v. TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC., 390 F. Supp. 3d 582 (D. Del. 2019)

. . . Great Lakes Chemical Corp. , 441 F.3d 991 (Fed. Cir. 2006) and Impax Laboratories, Inc. v. . . .

SCRIMO, v. LEE,, 935 F.3d 103 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Beam, 57 N.Y.2d 241, 251, 455 N.Y.S.2d 575, 441 N.E.2d 1093 (1982). . . .

BACA v. COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE, G. T. L. M., 935 F.3d 887 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . In re Guerra, 193 Wash.2d 380, 384, 394, 441 P.3d 807 (2019). . . .

BURKE, v. REGALADO, v., 935 F.3d 960 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wolfish , 441 U.S. 520, 535 n.16, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979) ; Lopez , 172 F.3d at 759 n.2. . . .

UNITED STATES v. SHAYOTA, v., 934 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 406 U.S. 441, 458, 92 S.Ct. 1653, 32 L.Ed.2d 212 (1972) ("[U]se and derivative-use immunity . . .

BOWLES, v. DESANTIS,, 934 F.3d 1230 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Univ. of Chi., 441 U.S. 677, 692 n.13, 99 S.Ct. 1946, 60 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. O LAUGHLIN, 934 F.3d 840 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Texas , 441 U.S. 418, 428, 99 S.Ct. 1804, 60 L.Ed.2d 323 (1979) ("In a civil commitment state power is . . . Following the logic of the Supreme Court in Addington , 441 U.S. at 428, 99 S.Ct. 1804, we hold a civil . . .

UNITED STATES v. SCANZANI,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 210 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Supp. 441, 463 (N.D. . . .

ROMO, v. P. BARR,, 933 F.3d 1191 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Andrews , 534 U.S. 19, 31, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001) )). (2) Alternatively, the majority . . .

GRAHAM v. ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPARTMENT O P. O. K., 933 F.3d 1007 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Baxter, 823 F.3d 441, 445 (8th Cir. 2016) ). . . .

DOE, v. COLUMBIA COLLEGE CHICAGO,, 933 F.3d 849 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Univ. of Chicago , 441 U.S. 677, 689, 99 S.Ct. 1946, 60 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). . . .

MCMICHAEL, v. TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE DEEPWATER DRILLING, INCORPORATED RIGP DCL, L. L. C. USA,, 934 F.3d 447 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Neopost USA, Inc. , 701 F.3d 434, 441 (5th Cir. 2012). . . . Heico Cos., L.L.C. , 782 F.3d 224, 236 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Reed , 701 F.3d at 441 ). . . .

LANDMARK AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, v. DEERFIELD CONSTRUCTION, INC. v. J., 933 F.3d 806 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . App. 3d 441, 450, 257 Ill.Dec. 373, 753 N.E.2d 999 (2001) ). . . .

HARDEMAN, v. CURRAN,, 933 F.3d 816 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . explained that such "punishment" can consist of actions taken with an "expressed intent to punish." 441 . . . See Wilson , 501 U.S. at 303, 111 S.Ct. 2321 ; Bell , 441 U.S. at 539, 99 S.Ct. 1861 ("[I]f a restriction . . . Ct. at 2473 (quoting Bell , 441 U.S. at 561, 99 S.Ct. 1861 ). . . .

BASTARDO- VALE, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES, 934 F.3d 255 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Andrews, 534 U.S. 19, 31, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001) ("It is a cardinal principle of statutory . . .

MARTINEAU, v. WIER, 934 F.3d 385 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ruppert Landscaping Co. , 187 F.3d 439, 441 (4th Cir. 1999) ). . . .

IN RE MIAMI METALS I, INC., 603 B.R. 727 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Caritas Healthcare, Inc. , 441 F. . . .

UNITED STATES v. R. PAUP,, 933 F.3d 1226 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Alcaraz-Arellano , 441 F.3d 1252, 1265 (10th Cir. 2006). . . .

IN RE PEABODY ENERGY CORPORATION Ad v. N. A. LP LP LP LLC FSB, 933 F.3d 918 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . See id. at 441-43, 119 S.Ct. 1411 ; see also 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b)(2)(B)(ii) (stating that in a cramdown . . .

UNITED STATES v. NG LAP SENG, Ng, Ng W. C., 934 F.3d 110 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Kay , 513 F.3d 432, 441-42 (5th Cir. 2007) (rejecting vagueness challenge to "obtaining or retaining" . . .

UNITED STATES v. M. SWARTZ,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 199 (N.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Box HM 646, Hamilton HM CX, Bermuda, 441-405-8100 MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDER . . .

DUMONT, v. REILY FOODS COMPANY, 934 F.3d 35 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Tambone, 597 F.3d 436, 441 (1st Cir. 2010) (en banc). . . . Tambone, 597 F.3d 436, 441 (1st Cir. 2010). . . .

UNITED STATES v. HEGWOOD,, 934 F.3d 414 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Andrews , 534 U.S. 19, 28-29, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001). . . .

A. LAVITE, v. J. DUNSTAN,, 932 F.3d 1020 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Moore , 547 U.S. 250, 256, 126 S.Ct. 1695, 164 L.Ed.2d 441 (2006). . . .

C. CHILDRESS, ALDA St. HLAA- StL A v. FOX ASSOCIATES, LLC, C. CHILDRESS, ALDA St. HLAA- StL A v. LLC,, 932 F.3d 1165 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Creighton Univ. , 703 F.3d 441, 449 (8th Cir. 2013). . . . Creighton Univ., 703 F.3d 441, 449 (8th Cir. 2013). . . .

LUXOTTICA GROUP, S. P. A. a v. AIRPORT MINI MALL, LLC, a d. b. a. LLC, a a. k. a. C. C., 932 F.3d 1303 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wynn , 212 Ga.App. 69, 441 S.E.2d 417, 419 (1994), disapproved on other grounds by George v. . . . Rucker , 441 S.E.2d at 419. . . .

CHAVEZ, De E. De De De v. OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, a, 933 F.3d 186 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 441, 457-58 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (explaining that "the statute of limitations was tolled during the . . . State Police , 441 F.3d 197, 211-12 (4th Circ. 2006) (noting that "[t]he American Pipe rule provides . . .

O NEAL, v. BALCARCEL,, 933 F.3d 618 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . R. 13-6 (Trial Tr. at 267, 270, 299) (Page ID #441, 444, 473); R. 14-2 (Trial Tr. at 94-97) (Page ID . . . Coyle , 469 F.3d 441, 449 (6th Cir. 2006) ). . . .

T. SCHMITT v. LAROSE,, 933 F.3d 628 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 509 U.S. 544, 550, 113 S.Ct. 2766, 125 L.Ed.2d 441 (1993) ). . . . statements of candidacy by March to appear on November ballot was unconstitutional); Burdick , 504 U.S. at 441 . . .

TEXAS, v. EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION EEOC P. U. S., 933 F.3d 433 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . EPA , 757 F.3d 439, 441 (5th Cir. 2014). Hawkes , 136 S. Ct. at 1815 (quoting Abbott Labs. v. . . .

HAIDAK, v. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS- AMHERST, 933 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Univ. of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 694-95, 99 S.Ct. 1946, 60 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) (noting that Congress patterned . . .

KODIAK OIL GAS USA INC. HRC LLC v. BURR S. EOG S., 932 F.3d 1125 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . In Ex parte Young , 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908), the Supreme Court recognized sovereign . . . representative of the state, and thereby attempting to make the state a party." 209 U.S. at 157, 28 S.Ct. 441 . . . Ex parte Young , 209 U.S. at 157, 28 S.Ct. 441. . . .

UNITED STATES v. ELDRED, 933 F.3d 110 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 441 U.S. 238, 255, 99 S.Ct. 1682, 60 L.Ed.2d 177 (1979) (noting that the Court has interpreted . . .

CANT v. M. MOODY S. S., 933 F.3d 414 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Moore , 547 U.S. 250, 259-62, 126 S.Ct. 1695, 164 L.Ed.2d 441 (2006). . . .

COFFEY, v. CARROLL, 933 F.3d 577 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wolfish , 441 U.S. 520, 559, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979). . . .

FRYE, v. CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., 933 F.3d 591 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . McKay , 441 Mich. 96, 490 N.W.2d 330, 332 n.1 (1992) ("Imposition of a legal duty on a retailer on the . . .

UNITED STATES v. P. MAZZULLA, 932 F.3d 1091 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . structures, or property not noticeably separate from them.' " Id. at 744-45 (quoting Schroeder, 129 F.3d at 441 . . .

HENDRICKSON USA, LLC. v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,, 932 F.3d 465 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Corp. , 222 F.3d at 231 ; Coach & Equip Sales Corp. , 228 NLRB at 441. . . . See Coach & Equip Sales Corp. , 228 NLRB at 441. . . . determination to ensure that collective bargaining would definitely result in worse benefits. 228 N.L.R.B. at 441 . . . Sales Corp. , 228 NLRB at 441 ; see also Gen'l Fabs. . . . Sales Corp. , 228 NLRB at 441 (emphasis added). . . .

UNITED STATES v. MATHIS, a k a a k a a k a D- v. a k a a k a v. a k a a k a a k a v. a k a a k a K. a k a a k a v. a k a a k a a k a v. a k a a k a a k a a k a, 932 F.3d 242 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Smith , 441 F.3d 254, 262 (4th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). . . .

BRAKEBILL v. JAEGER,, 932 F.3d 671 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Husted, 697 F.3d 423, 441 n.7 (6th Cir. 2012) (White, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) . . .

YOC- US, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES v., 932 F.3d 98 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Mukasey , 544 F.3d 427, 441 (2d Cir. 2008) ("The Fourth Amendment does provide protection against random . . .

AMERICAN TUNABOAT ASSOCIATION, v. ROSS, 391 F. Supp. 3d 98 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Brown, 441 U.S. 281, 316, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979) ("In enacting the APA, Congress made a . . .

UNITED STATES v. LOCKE,, 932 F.3d 196 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Timmreck , 441 U.S. 780, 784, 99 S.Ct. 2085, 60 L.Ed.2d 634 (1979). . . .

DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE, v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 392 F. Supp. 3d 410 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Id. at 441, 109 S.Ct. 683. . . .

CRYSTALLEX INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION v. BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA De S. A. D. C. In De S. A., 932 F.3d 126 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Deena Artware, Inc. , 361 U.S. 398, 402-404, 80 S.Ct. 441, 4 L.Ed.2d 400 (1960) ). . . . Deena Artware, Inc. , 361 U.S. 398, 402, 80 S.Ct. 441, 4 L.Ed.2d 400 (1960), where the Court held that . . . that in truth they are but divisions or departments of a 'single enterprise.' " Id. at 402, 80 S.Ct. 441 . . .

NOVAK, v. CITY OF PARMA, 932 F.3d 421 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 509 U.S. 544, 550, 113 S.Ct. 2766, 125 L.Ed.2d 441 (1993). . . .

DINE CITIZENS AGAINST RUINING OUR ENVIRONMENT v. BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS U. S. LLC,, 932 F.3d 843 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lee , 672 F.3d 1176, 1181 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Ex parte Young , 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed . . .

RUIZ- CORTEZ, v. CITY OF CHICAGO,, 931 F.3d 592 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Whitley , 514 U.S. 419, 441-42, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BONIN,, 932 F.3d 523 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Adamson , 441 F.3d 513, 519-20 (7th Cir. 2006) ; see also United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. POTTS, 389 F. Supp. 3d 352 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . App'x 439, 441 (3d Cir. 2005). . . .

FOROUZAN v. BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, LLC,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 1184 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Oilmen Participation Corp. , 441 F.3d 827, 830 (9th Cir. 2006). . . .

MEJIA- CASTANON, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 931 F.3d 224 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Dec. 441, 441-45 (B.I.A. 2018). . . .

HUPP R. H. a v. COOK C. R., 931 F.3d 307 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 371 U.S. 471, 479, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963). . . .

Z. J. a BY AND THROUGH Je JONES, v. KANSAS CITY BOARD OF POLICE COMMISSIONERS,, 931 F.3d 672 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Baxter , 823 F.3d 441, 445-46 (8th Cir. 2016) ). . . .

WEST, v. CITY OF CALDWELL, 931 F.3d 978 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 441 U.S. 238, 258, 99 S.Ct. 1682, 60 L.Ed.2d 177 (1979) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. RODRIGUEZ- SORIANO, a k a a k a, 931 F.3d 281 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 371 U.S. 471, 489, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963). . . . United States , 371 U.S. 471, 488-89, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963) ); see also United States v. . . .

STATE BY AND THROUGH TENNESSEE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE,, 931 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 441-42, 59 S.Ct. 972. . . .

KOALA, v. KHOSLA,, 931 F.3d 887 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nevertheless, under the principle established in Ex parte Young , 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed . . .

RODRIGUEZ v. CITY OF SAN JOSE, 930 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433, 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973). . . .

KELLER, v. FLEMING,, 930 F.3d 746 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) (describing the "community caretaking . . .

HARTMAN v. THOMPSON, 931 F.3d 471 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Moore , 547 U.S. 250, 265-66, 126 S.Ct. 1695, 164 L.Ed.2d 441 (2006) and Marcilis v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. LINDSAY,, 931 F.3d 852 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Cty. of Los Angeles , 441 U.S. 434, 448, 99 S.Ct. 1813, 60 L.Ed.2d 336 (1979) ("[T]he Founders intended . . .

HERNANDEZ- GARCIA, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 915 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dec. 441 (BIA 2018). . . .

DE LA FUENTE, v. PADILLA,, 930 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . See Burdick , 504 U.S. at 441, 112 S.Ct. 2059. . . . See Burdick , 504 U.S. at 441, 112 S.Ct. 2059. . . .

TURNER, v. Al THOMAS, Jr. W., 930 F.3d 640 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id . at 441 ("No amount of semantics can disguise the fact that the real 'affirmative act' here was committed . . .

VASSEUR, v. F. SOWELL L. III, TEI, 930 F.3d 994 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Andrews , 534 U.S. 19, 31, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001). . . .

ANDERSON v. GHALY,, 930 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Univ. of Chi. , 441 U.S. 677, 692 n.13, 99 S.Ct. 1946, 60 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) ). . . . phrased in terms of the persons benefited," Gonzaga , 536 U.S. at 284, 122 S.Ct. 2268 (quoting Cannon , 441 . . . contains express "rights-creating terms," Gonzaga , 536 U.S. at 284, 122 S.Ct. 2268 (quoting Cannon , 441 . . .

F. WORTHY, D. Co. v. CITY OF PHENIX CITY, ALABAMA,, 930 F.3d 1206 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Texas , 441 U.S. 418, 428, 99 S.Ct. 1804, 60 L.Ed.2d 323 (1979), because "[t]his unique standard of proof . . .

PIERRE- PAUL, v. P. BARR, U. S., 930 F.3d 684 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dec. 441, 445-46 (BIA 2018). We reject Pierre-Paul's argument for three independent reasons. . . .

L. C. v. ALTA LOMA SCHOOL DISTRICT,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 845 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Brown , 441 U.S. 281, 302, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979) ). . . . (citing Chrysler , 441 U.S. at 303, 99 S.Ct. 1705 ). . . .

E. A. J. A. A. v. K. GARDNER,, 929 F.3d 922 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . But this just reveals his misunderstanding of both Will and Ex Parte Young , 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441 . . .

UNITED STATES v. CORTEZ, a k a S. T. J. D J. M. F. Jr. P. A. W. H. D. A., 930 F.3d 350 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dec. 441, 443-45 (B.I.A. 2018). . . .

GIBSON, Ca v. SCE GROUP, INC. d b a d b a s,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 441, 456 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Idema v. Wager , 120 F. . . .

CHACOTY, v. POMPEO, U. S., 392 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Andrews , 534 U.S. 19, 31, 122 S.Ct. 441, 151 L.Ed.2d 339 (2001) The Department's interpretation, in . . .

GRAVES, I. Y. M. Y. A. Y. v. A. LIOI L. Jr. I. Y. M. Y. A. Y. v. A. L. Jr., 930 F.3d 307 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Pinder , 54 F.3d at 1175 ; see Doe , 795 F.3d at 441 (holding that a state actor's decision not to report . . . See Doe , 795 F.3d at 441 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . . allegations were true and that [the third party] would pose future danger" to the plaintiffs. 795 F.3d at 441 . . . Id. at 441-42. . . . J.A. 441. The two men also exchanged text messages at times. J.A. 453. . . . See Doe , 795 F.3d at 441 ("Rosa's alleged 'affirmative acts' boil down to a particular inaction."); . . . Doe , 795 F.3d at 441 (first alteration in original) (citation omitted). . . .

HENRY, a v. HULETT,, 930 F.3d 836 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wolfish , 441 U.S. 520, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979), to strip searches), with Johnson v. . . . deciding that pretrial detainees had a legitimate expectation of privacy as to body-cavity searches. 441 . . . See Bell , 441 U.S. at 559, 99 S.Ct. 1861. . . . Bell , 441 U.S. at 559, 99 S.Ct. 1861. . . . Powell , 945 F.2d 441, 445-46 (1st Cir. 1991) ; Harris v. . . . Wolfish , 441 U.S. 520, 558-60, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979). . . .

UNITED STATES v. MUNIZ- SANCHEZ,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 1284 (E.D. Wash. 2019)

. . . Dec. 441, 447 (BIA 2018) ("A notice to appear that does not specify the time and place of an alien's . . .