The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XXXII
REGULATION OF PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS

Chapter 457
ACUPUNCTURE

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CHAPTER 457

ACUPUNCTURE

457.101 Legislative intent.

457.102 Definitions.

457.103 Board of Acupuncture; membership; appointment and terms.

457.104 Rulemaking authority.

457.105 Licensure qualifications and fees.

457.107 Renewal of licenses; continuing education.

457.108 Inactive status; expiration; reactivation of licenses.

457.1085 Infection control.

457.109 Disciplinary actions; grounds; action by the board.

457.116 Prohibited acts; penalty.

457.118 Effect of chapter on other health care practices.

457.101 Legislative intent.—The Legislature finds that the interests of the public health require the regulation of the practice of acupuncture in this state for the purpose of protecting the health, safety, and welfare of our citizens while making this healing art available to those who seek it.

History.—ss. 1, 2, ch. 80-375; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81-318; ss. 1, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429.

Note.—Former s. 468.321.

457.102 Definitions.—As used in this chapter:

(1) “Acupuncture” means a form of primary health care, based on traditional Chinese medical concepts and modern oriental medical techniques, that employs acupuncture diagnosis and treatment, as well as adjunctive therapies and diagnostic techniques, for the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health and the prevention of disease. Acupuncture shall include, but not be limited to, the insertion of acupuncture needles and the application of moxibustion to specific areas of the human body and the use of electroacupuncture, Qi Gong, oriental massage, herbal therapy, dietary guidelines, and other adjunctive therapies, as defined by board rule.

(2) “Acupuncturist” means any person licensed as provided in this chapter to practice acupuncture as a primary health care provider.

(3) “Board” means the Board of Acupuncture.

(4) “License” means the document of authorization issued by the department for a person to engage in the practice of acupuncture.

(5) “Department” means the Department of Health.

(6) “Oriental medicine” means the use of acupuncture, electroacupuncture, Qi Gong, oriental massage, herbal therapy, dietary guidelines, and other adjunctive therapies.

(7) “Prescriptive rights” means the prescription, administration, and use of needles and devices, restricted devices, and prescription devices that are used in the practice of acupuncture and oriental medicine.

History.—ss. 1, 2, ch. 80-375; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81-318; s. 38, ch. 83-329; ss. 2, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 101, ch. 94-218; s. 6, ch. 97-264; s. 1, ch. 98-418; s. 90, ch. 99-397; s. 62, ch. 2000-318.

Note.—Former s. 468.322.

457.103 Board of Acupuncture; membership; appointment and terms.—

(1) The Board of Acupuncture is created within the department and shall consist of seven members, to be appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. Five members of the board must be licensed Florida acupuncturists. Two members must be laypersons who are not and who have never been acupuncturists or members of any closely related profession. Members shall be appointed for 4-year terms or for the remainder of the unexpired term of a vacancy.

(2) All provisions of chapter 456 relating to the board shall apply.

History.—ss. 39, 118, ch. 83-329; ss. 3, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 1, ch. 92-28; s. 102, ch. 94-218; s. 7, ch. 97-264; s. 40, ch. 98-166; s. 2, ch. 98-418; s. 100, ch. 2000-160.

457.104 Rulemaking authority.—The board has authority to adopt rules pursuant to ss. 120.536(1) and 120.54 to implement provisions of this chapter conferring duties upon it.

History.—ss. 40, 118, ch. 83-329; ss. 4, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 119, ch. 98-200.

457.105 Licensure qualifications and fees.—

(1) It is unlawful for any person to practice acupuncture in this state unless such person has been licensed by the board, is in a board-approved course of study, or is otherwise exempted by this chapter.

(2) A person may become licensed to practice acupuncture if the person applies to the department and:

(a) Is 21 years of age or older, has good moral character, and has the ability to communicate in English, which is demonstrated by having passed the national written examination in English or, if such examination was passed in a foreign language, by also having passed a nationally recognized English proficiency examination;

(b) Has completed 60 college credits from an accredited postsecondary institution as a prerequisite to enrollment in an authorized 3-year course of study in acupuncture and oriental medicine, and has completed a 3-year course of study in acupuncture and oriental medicine, and effective July 31, 2001, a 4-year course of study in acupuncture and oriental medicine, which meets standards established by the board by rule, which standards include, but are not limited to, successful completion of academic courses in western anatomy, western physiology, western pathology, western biomedical terminology, first aid, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, any person who enrolled in an authorized course of study in acupuncture before August 1, 1997, must have completed only a 2-year course of study which meets standards established by the board by rule, which standards must include, but are not limited to, successful completion of academic courses in western anatomy, western physiology, and western pathology;

(c) Has successfully completed a board-approved national certification process, is actively licensed in a state that has examination requirements that are substantially equivalent to or more stringent than those of this state, or passes an examination administered by the department, which examination tests the applicant’s competency and knowledge of the practice of acupuncture and oriental medicine. At the request of any applicant, oriental nomenclature for the points shall be used in the examination. The examination shall include a practical examination of the knowledge and skills required to practice modern and traditional acupuncture and oriental medicine, covering diagnostic and treatment techniques and procedures; and

(d) Pays the required fees set by the board by rule not to exceed the following amounts:

1. Examination fee: $500 plus the actual per applicant cost to the department for purchase of the written and practical portions of the examination from a national organization approved by the board.

2. Application fee: $300.

3. Reexamination fee: $500 plus the actual per applicant cost to the department for purchase of the written and practical portions of the examination from a national organization approved by the board.

4. Initial biennial licensure fee: $400, if licensed in the first half of the biennium, and $200, if licensed in the second half of the biennium.

History.—ss. 1, 2, ch. 80-375; ss. 1, 6, ch. 81-227; s. 334, ch. 81-259; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81-318; ss. 1, 6, ch. 82-172; s. 41, ch. 83-329; ss. 5, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 2, ch. 88-205; s. 16, ch. 89-162; s. 1, ch. 89-318; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 196, ch. 97-103; s. 8, ch. 97-264; s. 3, ch. 98-418; s. 63, ch. 2000-318.

Note.—Former s. 468.323.

457.107 Renewal of licenses; continuing education.—

(1) The department shall renew a license upon receipt of the renewal application and the required fee set by the board by rule, not to exceed $500.

(2) The department shall adopt rules establishing a procedure for the biennial renewal of licenses.

(3) The board shall prescribe by rule continuing education requirements of up to 30 hours biennially as a condition for renewal of a license. All education programs that contribute to the advancement, extension, or enhancement of professional skills and knowledge related to the practice of acupuncture, whether conducted by a nonprofit or profitmaking entity, are eligible for approval. The continuing professional education requirements must be in acupuncture or oriental medicine subjects, including, but not limited to, anatomy, biological sciences, adjunctive therapies, sanitation and sterilization, emergency protocols, and diseases. The board may set a fee of up to $100 for each continuing education provider. The licensee shall retain in his or her records the certificates of completion of continuing professional education requirements. All national and state acupuncture and oriental medicine organizations and acupuncture and oriental medicine schools are approved to provide continuing professional education in accordance with this subsection.

History.—ss. 1, 2, ch. 80-375; ss. 2, 6, ch. 81-227; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81-318; s. 42, ch. 83-329; ss. 6, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 3, ch. 88-205; s. 17, ch. 89-162; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 161, ch. 94-119; s. 9, ch. 97-264; s. 4, ch. 98-418; s. 64, ch. 2000-318; s. 7, ch. 2001-277; s. 16, ch. 2016-230.

Note.—Former s. 468.324.

457.108 Inactive status; expiration; reactivation of licenses.—

(1) A license that has become inactive may be reactivated under this section upon application to the department. The board shall prescribe by rule continuing education requirements as a condition of reactivating a license. The continuing education requirements for reactivating a license must not exceed 10 classroom hours for each year the license was inactive, in addition to completion of the number of hours required for renewal on the date the license became inactive.

(2) The board shall adopt rules relating to application procedures for inactive status, renewal of inactive licenses, and reactivation of licenses. The board shall prescribe by rule an application fee for inactive status, a renewal fee for inactive status, a delinquency fee, and a fee for the reactivation of a license. None of these fees may exceed the biennial renewal fee established by the board for an active license.

(3) The department shall not reactivate a license unless the inactive or delinquent licensee has paid any applicable biennial renewal or delinquency fee, or both, and a reactivation fee.

History.—ss. 7, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 162, ch. 94-119; s. 10, ch. 97-264.

457.1085 Infection control.—Prior to November 1, 1986, the board shall adopt rules relating to the prevention of infection, the safe disposal of any potentially infectious materials, and other requirements to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public. Beginning October 1, 1997, all acupuncture needles that are to be used on a patient must be sterile and disposable, and each needle may be used only once.

History.—ss. 8, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 11, ch. 97-264.

457.109 Disciplinary actions; grounds; action by the board.—

(1) The following acts constitute grounds for denial of a license or disciplinary action, as specified in s. 456.072(2):

(a) Attempting to obtain, obtaining, or renewing a license to practice acupuncture by bribery, by fraudulent misrepresentations, or through an error of the department.

(b) Having a license to practice acupuncture revoked, suspended, or otherwise acted against, including the denial of licensure, by the licensing authority of another state, territory, or country.

(c) Being convicted or found guilty, regardless of adjudication, in any jurisdiction of a crime which directly relates to the practice of acupuncture or to the ability to practice acupuncture. Any plea of nolo contendere shall be considered a conviction for purposes of this chapter.

(d) False, deceptive, or misleading advertising or advertising which claims that acupuncture is useful in curing any disease.

(e) Advertising, practicing, or attempting to practice under a name other than one’s own.

(f) Failing to report to the department any person who the licensee knows is in violation of this chapter or of the rules of the department. However, a person who the licensee knows is unable to practice acupuncture with reasonable skill and safety to patients by reason of illness or use of alcohol, drugs, narcotics, chemicals, or any other type of material, or as a result of a mental or physical condition, may be reported to a consultant operating an impaired practitioner program as described in s. 456.076 rather than to the department.

(g) Aiding, assisting, procuring, employing, or advising any unlicensed person to practice acupuncture contrary to this chapter or to a rule of the department.

(h) Failing to perform any statutory or legal obligation placed upon a licensed acupuncturist.

(i) Making or filing a report which the licensee knows to be false, intentionally or negligently failing to file a report or record required by state or federal law, willfully impeding or obstructing such filing or inducing another person to do so. Such reports or records shall include only those which are signed in the capacity as a licensed acupuncturist.

(j) Exercising influence within a patient-acupuncturist relationship for purposes of engaging a patient in sexual activity. A patient shall be presumed to be incapable of giving free, full, and informed consent to sexual activity with his or her acupuncturist.

(k) Making deceptive, untrue, or fraudulent representations in the practice of acupuncture or employing a trick or scheme in the practice of acupuncture when such scheme or trick fails to conform to the generally prevailing standards of treatment in the community.

(l) Soliciting patients, either personally or through an agent, through the use of fraud, intimidation, undue influence, or a form of overreaching or vexatious conduct. A solicitation is any communication which directly or implicitly requests an immediate oral response from the recipient.

(m) Failing to keep written medical records justifying the course of treatment of the patient.

(n) Exercising influence on the patient to exploit the patient for the financial gain of the licensee or of a third party.

(o) Being unable to practice acupuncture with reasonable skill and safety to patients by reason of illness or use of alcohol, drugs, narcotics, chemicals, or any other type of material or as a result of any mental or physical condition. In enforcing this paragraph, upon a finding of the State Surgeon General or the State Surgeon General’s designee that probable cause exists to believe that the licensee is unable to serve as an acupuncturist due to the reasons stated in this paragraph, the department shall have the authority to issue an order to compel the licensee to submit to a mental or physical examination by a physician designated by the department. If the licensee refuses to comply with such order, the department’s order directing such examination may be enforced by filing a petition for enforcement in the circuit court where the licensee resides or serves as an acupuncturist. The licensee against whom the petition is filed shall not be named or identified by initials in any public court record or document, and the proceedings shall be closed to the public. The department shall be entitled to the summary procedure provided in s. 51.011. An acupuncturist affected under this paragraph shall at reasonable intervals be afforded an opportunity to demonstrate that he or she can resume the competent practice of acupuncture with reasonable skill and safety to patients. In any proceeding under this paragraph, neither the record of proceedings nor the orders entered by the department shall be used against an acupuncturist in any other proceeding.

(p) Gross or repeated malpractice or the failure to practice acupuncture with that level of care, skill, and treatment which is recognized by a reasonably prudent similar acupuncturist as being acceptable under similar conditions and circumstances.

(q) Practicing or offering to practice beyond the scope permitted by law or accepting and performing professional responsibilities which the licensee knows or has reason to know that he or she is not competent to perform.

(r) Delegating professional responsibilities to a person when the licensee delegating such responsibilities knows or has reason to know that such person is not qualified by training, experience, or licensure to perform them.

(s) Violating a lawful order of the board previously entered in a disciplinary hearing or failing to comply with a lawfully issued subpoena of the department.

(t) Conspiring with another to commit an act, or committing an act, which would tend to coerce, intimidate, or preclude another licensee from lawfully advertising his or her services.

(u) Fraud or deceit or gross negligence, incompetence, or misconduct in the operation of a course of study.

(v) Failing to comply with state, county, or municipal regulations or reporting requirements relating to public health and the control of contagious and infectious diseases.

(w) Failing to comply with any rule of the board relating to health and safety, including, but not limited to, the sterilization of needles and equipment and the disposal of potentially infectious materials.

(x) Violating any provision of this chapter or chapter 456, or any rules adopted pursuant thereto.

(2) The board may enter an order denying licensure or imposing any of the penalties in s. 456.072(2) against any applicant for licensure or licensee who is found guilty of violating any provision of subsection (1) of this section or who is found guilty of violating any provision of s. 456.072(1).

(3) The department shall not reinstate the license of an acupuncturist, or cause a license to be issued to a person it has deemed to be unqualified, until such time as the board is satisfied that he or she has complied with all the terms and conditions set forth in the final order and is capable of safely engaging in the practice of acupuncture.

History.—ss. 1, 2, ch. 80-375; ss. 4, 6, ch. 81-227; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81-318; s. 43, ch. 83-329; ss. 9, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 197, ch. 97-103; s. 12, ch. 97-264; s. 17, ch. 2001-277; s. 2, ch. 2005-240; s. 68, ch. 2008-6; s. 7, ch. 2017-41.

Note.—Former s. 468.325.

457.116 Prohibited acts; penalty.—

(1) A person may not:

(a) Practice acupuncture unless the person is licensed under ss. 457.101-457.118;

(b) Use, in connection with his or her name or place of business, any title or description of services which incorporates the words “acupuncture,” “acupuncturist,” “certified acupuncturist,” “licensed acupuncturist,” “oriental medical practitioner”; the letters “L.Ac.,” “R.Ac.,” “A.P.,” or “D.O.M.”; or any other words, letters, abbreviations, or insignia indicating or implying that he or she practices acupuncture unless he or she is a holder of a valid license issued pursuant to ss. 457.101-457.118;

(d) Knowingly give false or forged evidence to the board or a member thereof;

(e) Use or attempt to use a license that has been suspended, revoked, or placed on inactive or delinquent status;

(f) Employ any person who is not licensed pursuant to ss. 457.101-457.118 to engage in the practice of acupuncture; or

(g) Conceal information relating to any violation of ss. 457.101-457.118.

(2) A person who violates this section commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.

History.—ss. 1, 2, ch. 80-375; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81-318; ss. 10, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 85, ch. 91-224; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 198, ch. 97-103; s. 13, ch. 97-264; s. 5, ch. 98-418.

Note.—Former s. 468.328.

457.118 Effect of chapter on other health care practices.—This chapter shall not be construed to expand or limit the scope of practice authorized for any health care professional licensed under chapter 458, chapter 459, chapter 460, chapter 461, chapter 466, chapter 474, or chapter 486, as such scope of practice is defined by statute or rule.

History.—ss. 1, 2, ch. 80-375; s. 335, ch. 81-259; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81-318; ss. 4, 6, ch. 82-172; ss. 11, 13, 14, ch. 86-265; s. 57, ch. 91-137; s. 4, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429.

Note.—Former s. 468.329.

F.S. 457 on Google Scholar

F.S. 457 on Casetext

Amendments to 457

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 457

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S457.116 1a - HEALTH-SAFETY - PRACTICE ACUPUNCTURE WO VALID CERTIFICATION - M: S

S457.116 1b - FRAUD-IMPERSON - MISREP SELF AS LIC ACUPUNCTURIST - M: S

S457.116 1c - FRAUD - NOT A LISTED OFF - M: S

S457.116 1c - FRAUD-IMPERSON - USE ACUPUNCTURIST LIC OF ANOTHER - M: S

S457.116 1d - FRAUD - GIVE FALSE EVIDENCE TO BOARD OR MEMBER - M: S

S457.116 1d - FORGERY - GIVE FORGED EVIDENCE TO BOARD OR MEMBER - M: S

S457.116 1e - HEALTH-SAFETY - USE SUSP RVKD INACTIVE DELINQ LICENSE - M: S

S457.116 1f - HEALTH-SAFETY - EMPLOY NON CERTIFIED ACUPUNCTURIST - M: S

S457.116 1g - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - CONCEAL INFO RE ACUPUNCTURIST LIC VIOL - M: S

S500.457 - HEALTH-SAFETY - REPEALED 97-220 - M: S

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

J. TRUMP, v. R. VANCE, Jr., 140 S. Ct. 2412 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 731, 749, 102 S.Ct. 2690, 73 L.Ed.2d 349 (1982). . . . recognized a President's "absolute immunity from damages liability predicated on his official acts." 457 . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. at 753, 102 S.Ct. 2690. . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. at 752, 102 S.Ct. 2690 (internal quotation marks omitted). . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 731, 751-753, 102 S.Ct. 2690, 73 L.Ed.2d 349 (1982). . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 731, 102 S.Ct. 2690, 73 L.Ed.2d 349 (1982). . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. at 752-753, 102 S.Ct. 2690. . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 731, 749-757, 102 S.Ct. 2690, 73 L.Ed.2d 349 (1982) ; United States v. . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 731, 102 S.Ct. 2690, 73 L.Ed.2d 349 (1982), which no party asks us to revisit. . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 731, 749, 102 S.Ct. 2690, 73 L.Ed.2d 349 (1982). . . .

MCGIRT, v. OKLAHOMA, 140 S. Ct. 2452 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Samuels , 507 U.S. 99, 102-103, 113 S.Ct. 1119, 122 L.Ed.2d 457 (1993). The key question Mr. . . .

P. BARR, v. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF POLITICAL CONSULTANTS, INC., 140 S. Ct. 2335 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Wileman Brothers & Elliott, Inc. , 521 U.S. 457, 469-470, 477, 117 S.Ct. 2130, 138 L.Ed.2d 585 (1997) . . .

AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, v. ALLIANCE FOR OPEN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL, INC., 140 S. Ct. 2082 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Doe , 457 U.S. 202, 210-213, 102 S.Ct. 2382, 72 L.Ed.2d 786 (1982) ; Kwong Hai Chew v. . . . See, e.g. , id ., at 366, 384, 431-433, 457. . . .

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Falcon , 457 U.S. 147, 156, 102 S.Ct. 2364, 72 L.Ed.2d 740 (1982) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

SEILA LAW LLC, v. CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU, 140 S. Ct. 2183 (U.S. 2020)

. . . American Trucking Assns. , Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 472, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001), and it cannot . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. THURAISSIGIAM, 140 S. Ct. 1959 (U.S. 2020)

. . . McMahon , 127 U.S. 457, 463, 8 S.Ct. 1240, 32 L.Ed. 234 (1888). . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 1891 (U.S. 2020)

. . . rationale, still did not provide an adequate explanation for the September 2017 rescission. 315 F.Supp.3d 457 . . . American Trucking Assns. , Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001). . . .

BOSTOCK, v. CLAYTON COUNTY, GEORGIA v. Jr. Co- R. G. G. R. v., 140 S. Ct. 1731 (U.S. 2020)

. . . American Trucking Assns. , Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001). . . .

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, v. COWPASTURE RIVER PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION LLC, v., 140 S. Ct. 1837 (U.S. 2020)

. . . American Trucking Assns. , Inc. , 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001) ). . . .

L. BAXTER v. BRACEY,, 140 S. Ct. 1862 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982), the Court eliminated from the qualified . . .

J. THOLE, v. U. S. BANK N. A, 140 S. Ct. 1615 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Dudenhoeffer , 573 U.S. 409, 416, 134 S.Ct. 2459, 189 L.Ed.2d 457 (2014) (quoting Central States, Southeast . . .

FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, v. AURELIUS INVESTMENT, LLC, LLC, III v. LLC, v. LLC, n De De La El Y v., 140 S. Ct. 1649 (U.S. 2020)

. . . American Trucking Assns. , Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 472, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001) ; Department . . . Popular Democratic Party , 457 U.S. 1, 8, 102 S.Ct. 2194, 72 L.Ed.2d 628 (1982) (quoting Calero-Toledo . . . granted Puerto Rico "a measure of autonomy comparable to that possessed by the States"); Rodriguez , 457 . . . Flores de Otero , 426 U.S. at 597, 96 S.Ct. 2264 ; see also Rodriguez , 457 U.S. at 8, 102 S.Ct. 2194 . . .

MAINE COMMUNITY HEALTH OPTIONS, v. UNITED STATES v. v. v., 140 S. Ct. 1308 (U.S. 2020)

. . . 81 (2016) (dismissing Land of Lincoln's statutory, contract, and Takings Clause claims), 131 Fed.Cl. 457 . . .

ROMAG FASTENERS, INC. v. FOSSIL, INC., 140 S. Ct. 1492 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Triplex Safety Glass Co. , 298 U.S. 448, 456-457, 56 S.Ct. 792, 80 L.Ed. 1274 (1936). . . .

ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY, v. A. CHRISTIAN,, 140 S. Ct. 1335 (U.S. 2020)

. . . American Trucking Assns. , Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001). . . .

THRYV, INC. v. CLICK- TO- CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP,, 140 S. Ct. 1367 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Marvel Entertainment, LLC , 576 U.S. 446, 457, 135 S.Ct. 2401, 192 L.Ed.2d 463 (2015) (internal quotation . . .

RAMOS, v. LOUISIANA, 140 S. Ct. 1390 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Marvel Entertainment, LLC , 576 U.S. 446, 456-457, 135 S.Ct. 2401, 192 L.Ed.2d 463 (2015) ; Patterson . . . Marvel Entertainment, LLC , 576 U.S. 446, 457-458, 135 S.Ct. 2401, 192 L.Ed.2d 463 (2015) ; Lawrence . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. NEW YORK,, 140 S. Ct. 599 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id ., at 457-461. The risk of winning conflicting nationwide injunctions is real too. . . .

RETIREMENT PLANS COMMITTEE OF IBM, v. W. JANDER,, 140 S. Ct. 592 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Dudenhoeffer , 573 U.S. 409, 134 S.Ct. 2459, 189 L.Ed.2d 457 (2014), we held that "[t]o state a claim . . . Dudenhoeffer , 573 U.S. 409, 134 S.Ct. 2459, 189 L.Ed.2d 457 (2014). I cannot see how. . . . Dudenhoeffer , 573 U.S. 409, 412, 134 S.Ct. 2459, 189 L.Ed.2d 457 (2014), at bottom they seek to impose . . .

XIA BI, v. MCAULIFFE,, 140 S. Ct. 654 (U.S. 2019)

. . . No. 19-457 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

ELHADY, v. H. KABLE,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 562 (E.D. Va. 2019)

. . . Corp. , 186 F.3d 457, 465 (4th Cir. 1999). In Mohamed , 995 F. . . .

ALLERGAN SALES, LLC, v. SANDOZ, INC., 935 F.3d 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. , 457 F.3d 1293, 1301 (Fed. . . . Beginning with "the words of the claims themselves," Amgen , 457 F.3d at 1301, Sandoz has put forth no . . . Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. , 457 F.3d 1293, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). . . .

UNITED STATES v. LILLARD,, 935 F.3d 827 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Trucking Ass'ns Inc. , 531 U.S. 457, 466, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001) ); see also Mont v. . . .

F. SHARPE, v. UNITED STATES,, 935 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Cl. at 457. In this vein, Mr. . . .

SELECT SPECIALTY HOSPITAL- DENVER, INC. v. M. AZAR II, U. S., 391 F. Supp. 3d 53 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . .")); S2-AR at 457 (Stipulations ¶ 5 ("The Providers did not participate in their respective state Medicaid . . . states would not allow plaintiffs to enroll in the state Medicaid program, see S2-AR at 44, 61-62, 457 . . . S2-AR at 457 (Stipulations ¶ 9). . . . with claims with dates of service prior to the enrollment approval date," id. at 38; see also S2-AR at 457 . . .

R. PESCI, v. BUDZ, LLC, LLC,, 935 F.3d 1159 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Romeo , 457 U.S. 307, 321-22, 102 S.Ct. 2452, 73 L.Ed.2d 28 (1982), "this observation does not warrant . . .

HARRIS, v. K. HARRIS,, 935 F.3d 670 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . L.J. 457, 474 (1998). . . .

COLE v. CARSON, v., 935 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . .); ante , at 457 (Elrod, J., concurring). . . . 5th Cir. 2018) (Willett, J., concurring dubitante), revised on petition for reh'g en banc , 928 F.3d 457 . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 814, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982) (alterations and quotations omitted . . . Robinson , 928 F.3d 457, 474 (5th Cir. 2019) (Willett, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). . . . Fitzgerald prevents plaintiffs from relying on subjective evidence of bad faith. 457 U.S. 800, 815-16 . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 814, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 2736, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BEGAY,, 934 F.3d 1033 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Celestine , 510 F.2d 457, 459 (9th Cir. 1975) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation . . . Boise , 916 F.2d 497 (9th Cir. 1990), and Celestine , 510 F.2d 457. . . .

BOWLES, v. DESANTIS,, 934 F.3d 1230 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Trucking Ass'n, 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001), we doubt that it meant to use . . .

R. MEIER v. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, CITY OF s St. H. St. St. St. St. G. a St. St. P. O. DSN, 934 F.3d 824 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 937, 102 S.Ct. 2744, 73 L.Ed.2d 482 (1982) ). . . .

ST. CHARLES SURGICAL HOSPITAL, L. L. C. v. LOUISIANA HEALTH SERVICE INDEMNITY COMPANY,, 935 F.3d 352 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Commonwealth's Motion to Appoint Counsel Against or Directed to Defender Ass'n of Philadelphia , 790 F.3d 457 . . .

UNITED STATES v. SCANZANI,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 210 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Id. at 457 (citing United States v. Morris , 977 F.2d 677, 682 (1st Cir. 1992) ). . . .

M. MURPHY v. A. A. ENGELHART, 933 F.3d 1027 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

UNITED STATES v. C. BROWN, v. N., 934 F.3d 1278 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Florida , 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982) ; see also United States v. . . .

GOLDEN v. NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY v., 934 F.3d 302 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Ass'n of Phila. , 790 F.3d 457, 468 (3d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . . Ass'n of Phila. , 790 F.3d 457, 465 (3d Cir. 2015). . . .

KELSAY, v. ERNST,, 933 F.3d 975 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Robinson , 928 F.3d 457, 479-80 (5th Cir. 2019) (Willet, J. concurring in part, dissenting in part) ( . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

DAWSON, v. NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION PAC-, 932 F.3d 905 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . App. 2d 457, 465, 33 Cal.Rptr. 169 (1963). . . .

IRIDESCENT NETWORKS, INC. v. AT T MOBILITY, LLC,, 933 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. , 457 F.3d 1293, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2006) ). . . .

NAUMOVSKI, v. NORRIS, 934 F.3d 200 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. . . .

MARTINEAU, v. WIER, 934 F.3d 385 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co. , 867 F.3d 449, 457 (4th Cir. 2017), which "by definition . . .

STUDDARD, v. SHELBY COUNTY, TENNESSEE, J. I., 934 F.3d 478 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

IN RE MIAMI METALS I, INC., 603 B.R. 727 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 449, 457 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (quoting Mays v. New York, N.H. & H.R. . . .

COEUR D ALENE TRIBE, a v. W. HAWKS A., 933 F.3d 1052 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Long Family Land & Cattle Co. , 554 U.S. 316, 324, 128 S.Ct. 2709, 171 L.Ed.2d 457 (2008). . . .

DEAR, v. Q CLUB HOTEL, LLC, v. Q LLC,, 933 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Trucking Ass'ns , 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001). . . .

REYES, v. FISCHER, J. X., 934 F.3d 97 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

MOGARD, v. CITY OF MILBANK,, 932 F.3d 1184 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 817-18, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

UNITED STATES v. C. HODGE, 933 F.3d 468 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . McMillan , 600 F.3d 434, 457 n.75 (5th Cir. 2010). iii. . . . McMillan , 600 F.3d at 457 n.75. III. Juror No. 7 A. . . .

MARKS JLF, a GWF, a GJH, a GJR, v. HUDSON, 933 F.3d 481 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982) ). . . .

A. LAVITE, v. J. DUNSTAN,, 932 F.3d 1020 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Johnson , 457 F.3d 711, 716 (7th Cir. 2006). . . .

CHAVEZ, De E. De De De v. OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, a, 933 F.3d 186 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Vill. of Old Field , 23 A.D.3d 454, 457, 805 N.Y.S.2d 573, 573 (2d Dep't 2005). . . . Supp. 3d 441, 457-58 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (explaining that "the statute of limitations was tolled during the . . .

BERGAMATTO, v. BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE NYSA ILA PENSION FUND, 933 F.3d 257 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Dudenhoeffer , 573 U.S. 409, 417-19, 134 S.Ct. 2459, 189 L.Ed.2d 457 (2014), dictated a result in his . . .

SANDHU, LLC, a v. L. KANZLER, Jr. LLC, a, 932 F.3d 1107 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ctr., 457 N.W.2d 188, 191 (Minn. 1990) ) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

KODIAK OIL GAS USA INC. HRC LLC v. BURR S. EOG S., 932 F.3d 1125 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Long Family Land & Cattle Co. , 554 U.S. 316, 328, 128 S.Ct. 2709, 171 L.Ed.2d 457 (2008) ; see also . . .

UNITED STATES v. THOMAS,, 932 F.3d 1139 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Beckmann , 786 F.3d 672, 682 (8th Cir. 2015) (quoting Paroline , 572 U.S. at 457, 134 S.Ct. 1710 ). . . .

COFFEY, v. CARROLL, 933 F.3d 577 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

L. PAGE, v. KING,, 932 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Garden State Bar Ass'n , 457 U.S. 423, 435, 102 S.Ct. 2515, 73 L.Ed.2d 116 (1982) ). . . . Cox , 457 F.2d 764 (9th Cir. 1972) (per curiam), we abstained under Younger from hearing a challenge . . .

UNITED STATES v. BOSYK,, 933 F.3d 319 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Perez , 393 F.3d 457, 465 (4th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. . . .

D. LEISER, v. KLOTH,, 933 F.3d 696 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

YOC- US, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES v., 932 F.3d 98 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 457-58, 96 S.Ct. 3021. . . . Id. at 457-58, 96 S.Ct. 3021. . . . Id. at 457-58, 96 S.Ct. 3021 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Lopez-Mendoza , 468 U.S. at . . .

UNITED STATES v. PINEDA- DUARTE,, 933 F.3d 519 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sykes , 854 F.3d 457, 460-61 (8th Cir. 2017) (credible threat of violence when defendant, while in possession . . .

AMERICAN TUNABOAT ASSOCIATION, v. ROSS, 391 F. Supp. 3d 98 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . The Service extended the consultation in December 2017, A.R. 433, and again in May 2018, A.R. 457-58. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CORNETTE,, 932 F.3d 204 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Green , 135 Ga.App. 622, 218 S.E.2d 456, 457 (1975), the Georgia Supreme Court dismissed an indictment . . .

J. GILLIAM, C. Ad v. SEALEY, E. C. T. A. Sr. C. T. A. WTVD LLC J. C. Ad v. C. T. A. E. C. T. A. Sr. WTVD LLC, 932 F.3d 216 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

UNITED STATES v. DITOMASSO,, 932 F.3d 58 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Yaretsky , 457 U.S. 991, 1004, 102 S.Ct. 2777, 73 L.Ed.2d 534 (1982) (emphasis in Blum )); see , e.g. . . .

JOHNSON O v. DUXBURY, MASSACHUSETTS, 931 F.3d 102 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982) ). . . .

NOVAK, v. CITY OF PARMA, 932 F.3d 421 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

CHRONIS, v. UNITED STATES, 932 F.3d 544 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Postal Serv. , 592 F.3d 453, 457 (3d. . . .

UNITED STATES v. POTTS, 389 F. Supp. 3d 352 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Richard POTTS CRIMINAL ACTION NO. 01-457-3 United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania. . . .

PETERSON, v. HEYMES,, 931 F.3d 546 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). In Saucier v. . . .

Z. J. a BY AND THROUGH Je JONES, v. KANSAS CITY BOARD OF POLICE COMMISSIONERS,, 931 F.3d 672 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982) ). . . .

U. S. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION, v. MONEX CREDIT COMPANY, 931 F.3d 966 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Trucking Ass'ns , 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001). . . .

UNITED STATES v. RODRIGUEZ- SORIANO, a k a a k a, 931 F.3d 281 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942). . . .

E. CHAMBERS, v. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 77 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Forkkio, 306 F.3d at 1131 (emphasis added) (citing Brown, 199 F.3d at 457 ); see also Stewart v. . . . Brody, 199 F.3d 446, 457 (D.C. Cir. 1999) ; see also Geleta v. Gray, 645 F.3d 408, 411 (D.C. . . .

KELLER, v. FLEMING,, 930 F.3d 746 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 315-16, 102 S.Ct. 2452, 73 L.Ed.2d 28 (1982), and suspected criminals injured while . . .

TENNESSEE GAS PIPELINE COMPANY, LLC v. PERMANENT EASEMENT FOR ACRES, PERMANENT OVERLAY EASEMENT FOR ACRES AND TEMPORARY EASEMENTS FOR ACRES IN MILFORD AND WESTFALL TOWNSHIPS, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, TAX PARCEL NUMBERS a c o L. P., 931 F.3d 237 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 457 U.S. 273, 283-84, 102 S.Ct. 2432, 73 L.Ed.2d 1 (1982) (noting that federal common . . .

UNITED STATES v. A. WILLIAMS,, 931 F.3d 570 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Meherg , 714 F.3d 457, 459 (7th Cir. 2013) (affirming ACCA sentence where defendant failed to come forward . . .

UNITED STATES v. A. GOODRIDGE,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 159 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Johnson , 457 U.S. 537, 551, 102 S.Ct. 2579, 73 L.Ed.2d 202 (1982) ). . . .

WEEKS, a. k. a. v. UNITED STATES, 930 F.3d 1263 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Burke, 390 Mass. 480, 481-82, 457 N.E.2d 622, 623-24 (1983). . . . Eberhart, 461 Mass. 809, 818, 965 N.E.2d 791, 798 (2012) ; Burke, 390 Mass. at 482, 457 N.E.2d at 624 . . . touching 'with such violence that bodily harm is likely to result.' " See Burke, 390 Mass. at 482, 457 . . . touching 'with such violence that bodily harm is likely to result.' " See Burke, 390 Mass. at 482, 457 . . .

WOOD GROUP PRODUCTION SERVICES, v. DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF WORKERS COMPENSATION PROGRAMS, A., 930 F.3d 733 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . DOWCP (Martin) , 732 F.3d 457, 461 (5th Cir. 2013). . . .

CABRERA, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 627 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Holder , 578 F.3d 457, 463 (6th Cir. 2009) (observing that, "as a general rule," petitioners do not have . . .

TURNER, v. Al THOMAS, Jr. W., 930 F.3d 640 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982) ). . . .

ASSOCIATION FOR COMMUNITY AFFILIATED PLANS, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 22 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Trucking Ass'ns, 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001). . . .

FLORES, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gonzales , 457 F.3d 915, 922 (9th Cir. 2006) (finding no due process violation where an IJ "expressed . . .

SWEARINGEN, v. JUDD, a, 930 F.3d 983 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

EBBE, v. CONCORDE INVESTMENT SERVICES, LLC G. M. a k a M., 392 F. Supp. 3d 228 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . -Mass., Inc., 457 Mass. 234, 929 N.E.2d 303, 308 (2010) (quoting Dias v. Brigham Med. . . .

MORENO GALVEZ, v. T. CUCCINELLI,, 387 F. Supp. 3d 1208 (W.D. Wash. 2019)

. . . No. 110-457 § 235(d), 122 Stat. 5044 (2008). . . .

R. BRADLEY, v. VILLAGE OF UNIVERSITY PARK, ILLINOIS,, 929 F.3d 875 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Board of Regents , 457 U.S. 496, 102 S.Ct. 2557, 73 L.Ed.2d 172 (1982), which held § 1983 plaintiffs . . . 1983 plaintiff need not exhaust her state administrative remedies before bringing a federal claim, 457 . . . Board of Regents , 457 U.S. 496, 500-01, 102 S.Ct. 2557, 73 L.Ed.2d 172 (1982), which held that § 1983 . . . Board of Regents , 457 U.S. 496, 102 S.Ct. 2557, 73 L.Ed.2d 172 (1982). . . .

UNITED STATES v. HANSEN,, 929 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . App'x 452, 457 (10th Cir. 2014) (unpublished); see, e.g. , United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES EX REL. MEI LING, v. CITY OF LOS ANGELES,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 744 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . See FACI ¶¶ 447, 457. . . . See FACI ¶¶ 447, 457. The City attacks this conclusion on three grounds. . . .

PHILLIPS, v. V. SPENCER,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 136 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982) ). . . .

RIOS, v. JENKINS,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 714 (W.D. Va. 2019)

. . . seizing and arresting her based on an outstanding civil warrant for removal issued by ICE. 725 F.3d at 457 . . . Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982) ). . . .

INC. v. INTERNATIONAL GAME TECHNOLOGY, IGT, DOUBLEDOWN INTERACTIVE LLC,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 828 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . s Br. in Opp'n to Rule 59 Mot., dkt. no. 457-2, at 1540:21-24. . . .

LTTB, LLC, v. REDBUBBLE, INC., 385 F. Supp. 3d 916 (N.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Volkswagen of Am., Inc. , 457 F.3d 1062, 1064 (9th Cir. 2006). . . . contribute to that value and thus aid the performance of an object for which the goods are intended. 457 . . . court made clear that in Vuitton , "aesthetic functionality was dealt a limiting but not fatal blow." 457 . . .

CORBITT, SDC, a v. VICKERS,, 929 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). . . .

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA v. J. TRUMP, D. M., 930 F.3d 209 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982) ). . . . Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 731, 743, 102 S.Ct. 2690, 73 L.Ed.2d 349 (1982) ; Jenkins , 119 F.3d at 1159. . . .

ROXX ALLISON LTD. v. JEWELERS INC., 385 F. Supp. 3d 377 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Nat'l Gold & Diamond Ctr., 125 A.D.3d 454, 457-58, 3 N.Y.S.3d 27 (1st Dep't 2015) (approving exercise . . . Id. at 457, 3 N.Y.S.3d 27. . . .

LORENZO, v. P. BARR,, 929 F.3d 379 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sessions, 907 F.3d 453, 457 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Allabani v. . . . See Precetaj, 907 F.3d at 457. . . .

Q. GALE, Q. LLC, FKA LLC, LLC, v. CHICAGO TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY, a, 929 F.3d 74 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 549 U.S. 457, 473-74, 127 S.Ct. 1397, 167 L.Ed.2d 190 (2007), the Supreme Court considered . . .